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Module `std.process`

Functions for starting and interacting with other processes, and for working with the current process' execution environment.

Process handling

spawnProcess spawns a new process, optionally assigning it an arbitrary set of standard input, output, and error streams. The function returns immediately, leaving the child process to execute in parallel with its parent. All other functions in this module that spawn processes are built around spawnProcess.
wait makes the parent process wait for a child process to terminate. In general one should always do this, to avoid child processes becoming "zombies" when the parent process exits. Scope guards are perfect for this – see the spawnProcess documentation for examples. tryWait is similar to wait, but does not block if the process has not yet terminated.
pipeProcess also spawns a child process which runs in parallel with its parent. However, instead of taking arbitrary streams, it automatically creates a set of pipes that allow the parent to communicate with the child through the child's standard input, output, and/or error streams. This function corresponds roughly to C's popen function.
execute starts a new process and waits for it to complete before returning. Additionally, it captures the process' standard output and error streams and returns the output of these as a string.
spawnShell, pipeShell and executeShell work like spawnProcess, pipeProcess and execute, respectively, except that they take a single command string and run it through the current user's default command interpreter. executeShell corresponds roughly to C's system function.
kill attempts to terminate a running process.

The following table compactly summarises the different process creation functions and how they relate to each other:


	Runs program directly	Runs shell command
Low-level process creation	`spawnProcess`	`spawnShell`
Automatic input/output redirection using pipes	`pipeProcess`	`pipeShell`
Execute and wait for completion, collect output	`execute`	`executeShell`

Other functionality

pipe is used to create unidirectional pipes.
environment is an interface through which the current process' environment variables can be read and manipulated.
escapeShellCommand and escapeShellFileName are useful for constructing shell command lines in a portable way.

Note

Most of the functionality in this module is not available on iOS, tvOS and watchOS. The only functions available on those platforms are: environment, thisProcessID and thisThreadID.

Functions

Name	Description
`browse(url)`	Start up the browser and set it to viewing the page at url.
`escapeShellCommand(args)`	Escapes an argv-style argument array to be used with `spawnShell`, `pipeShell` or `executeShell`.
`escapeShellFileName(fileName)`	Escapes a filename to be used for shell redirection with `spawnShell`, `pipeShell` or `executeShell`.
`escapeWindowsArgument(arg)`	Quotes a command-line argument in a manner conforming to the behavior of CommandLineToArgvW.
`execute(args, env, config, maxOutput, workDir)`	Executes the given program or shell command and returns its exit code and output.
`executeShell(command, env, config, maxOutput, workDir, shellPath)`	Executes the given program or shell command and returns its exit code and output.
`execv(pathname, argv)`	Replaces the current process by executing a command, `pathname`, with the arguments in `argv`.
`execve(pathname, argv, envp)`	Replaces the current process by executing a command, `pathname`, with the arguments in `argv`.
`execvp(pathname, argv)`	Replaces the current process by executing a command, `pathname`, with the arguments in `argv`.
`execvpe(pathname, argv, envp)`	Replaces the current process by executing a command, `pathname`, with the arguments in `argv`.
`kill(pid)`	Attempts to terminate the process associated with `pid`.
`nativeShell()`	The platform-specific native shell path.
`pipe()`	Creates a unidirectional pipe.
`pipeProcess(args, redirect, env, config, workDir)`	Starts a new process, creating pipes to redirect its standard input, output and/or error streams.
`pipeShell(command, redirect, env, config, workDir, shellPath)`	Starts a new process, creating pipes to redirect its standard input, output and/or error streams.
`spawnProcess(args, stdin, stdout, stderr, env, config, workDir)`	Spawns a new process, optionally assigning it an arbitrary set of standard input, output, and error streams.
`spawnShell(command, stdin, stdout, stderr, env, config, workDir, shellPath)`	A variation on `spawnProcess` that runs the given command through the current user's preferred command interpreter (aka. shell).
`thisProcessID()`	Returns the process ID of the current process, which is guaranteed to be unique on the system.
`thisThreadID()`	Returns the process ID of the current thread, which is guaranteed to be unique within the current process.
`tryWait(pid)`	A non-blocking version of `wait`.
`userShell()`	Determines the path to the current user's preferred command interpreter.
`wait(pid)`	Waits for the process associated with `pid` to terminate, and returns its exit status.

Classes

Name	Description
`environment`	Manipulates environment variables using an associative-array-like interface.
`Pid`	A handle that corresponds to a spawned process.
`ProcessException`	An exception that signals a problem with starting or waiting for a process.

Structs

Name	Description
`Pipe`	An interface to a pipe created by the `pipe` function.
`ProcessPipes`	Object which contains `File` handles that allow communication with a child process through its standard streams.

Enums

Name	Description
`Config`	Flags that control the behaviour of process creation functions in this module. Most flags only apply to `spawnProcess` and `spawnShell`.
`Redirect`	Flags that can be passed to `pipeProcess` and `pipeShell` to specify which of the child process' standard streams are redirected. Use bitwise OR to combine flags.

Authors

Lars Tandle Kyllingstad, Steven Schveighoffer, Vladimir Panteleev

License

Boost License 1.0.