Menu
Search

Library Reference

version 2.085.0

overview

Report a bug
If you spot a problem with this page, click here to create a Bugzilla issue.
Improve this page
Quickly fork, edit online, and submit a pull request for this page. Requires a signed-in GitHub account. This works well for small changes. If you'd like to make larger changes you may want to consider using a local clone.

std.traits

Templates which extract information about types and symbols at compile time.
Category Templates
Symbol Name traits fullyQualifiedName moduleName packageName
Function traits isFunction arity functionAttributes hasFunctionAttributes functionLinkage FunctionTypeOf isSafe isUnsafe isFinal ParameterDefaults ParameterIdentifierTuple ParameterStorageClassTuple Parameters ReturnType SetFunctionAttributes variadicFunctionStyle
Aggregate Type traits BaseClassesTuple BaseTypeTuple classInstanceAlignment EnumMembers FieldNameTuple Fields hasAliasing hasElaborateAssign hasElaborateCopyConstructor hasElaborateDestructor hasIndirections hasMember hasStaticMember hasNested hasUnsharedAliasing InterfacesTuple isInnerClass isNested MemberFunctionsTuple RepresentationTypeTuple TemplateArgsOf TemplateOf TransitiveBaseTypeTuple
Type Conversion CommonType ImplicitConversionTargets CopyTypeQualifiers CopyConstness isAssignable isCovariantWith isImplicitlyConvertible
SomethingTypeOf rvalueOf lvalueOf InoutOf ConstOf SharedOf SharedInoutOf SharedConstOf ImmutableOf QualifierOf
Categories of types allSameType ifTestable isType isAggregateType isArray isAssociativeArray isAutodecodableString isBasicType isBoolean isBuiltinType isCopyable isDynamicArray isEqualityComparable isFloatingPoint isIntegral isNarrowString isConvertibleToString isNumeric isOrderingComparable isPointer isScalarType isSigned isSIMDVector isSomeChar isSomeString isStaticArray isUnsigned
Type behaviours isAbstractClass isAbstractFunction isCallable isDelegate isExpressions isFinalClass isFinalFunction isFunctionPointer isInstanceOf isIterable isMutable isSomeFunction isTypeTuple
General Types ForeachType KeyType Largest mostNegative OriginalType PointerTarget Signed Unqual Unsigned ValueType Promoted
Misc mangledName Select select
User-Defined Attributes hasUDA getUDAs getSymbolsByUDA
License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Walter Bright, Tomasz Stachowiak (isExpressions), Andrei Alexandrescu, Shin Fujishiro, Robert Clipsham, David Nadlinger, Kenji Hara, Shoichi Kato

Source std/traits.d

template InoutOf(T)
Parameters:
T The type to qualify
Returns:
T with the inout qualifier added.
Examples: 
static assert(is(InoutOf!(int) == inout int));
static assert(is(InoutOf!(inout int) == inout int));
static assert(is(InoutOf!(const int) == inout const int));
static assert(is(InoutOf!(shared int) == inout shared int));
template ConstOf(T)
Parameters:
T The type to qualify
Returns:
T with the const qualifier added.
Examples: 
static assert(is(ConstOf!(int) == const int));
static assert(is(ConstOf!(const int) == const int));
static assert(is(ConstOf!(inout int) == const inout int));
static assert(is(ConstOf!(shared int) == const shared int));
template SharedOf(T)
Parameters:
T The type to qualify
Returns:
T with the shared qualifier added.
Examples: 
static assert(is(SharedOf!(int) == shared int));
static assert(is(SharedOf!(shared int) == shared int));
static assert(is(SharedOf!(inout int) == shared inout int));
static assert(is(SharedOf!(immutable int) == shared immutable int));
template SharedInoutOf(T)
Parameters:
T The type to qualify
Returns:
T with the inout and shared qualifiers added.
Examples: 
static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!(int) == shared inout int));
static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!(int) == inout shared int));

static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!(const int) == shared inout const int));
static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!(immutable int) == shared inout immutable int));
template SharedConstOf(T)
Parameters:
T The type to qualify
Returns:
T with the const and shared qualifiers added.
Examples: 
static assert(is(SharedConstOf!(int) == shared const int));
static assert(is(SharedConstOf!(int) == const shared int));

static assert(is(SharedConstOf!(inout int) == shared inout const int));
// immutable variables are implicitly shared and const
static assert(is(SharedConstOf!(immutable int) == immutable int));
template ImmutableOf(T)
Parameters:
T The type to qualify
Returns:
T with the immutable qualifier added.
Examples: 
static assert(is(ImmutableOf!(int) == immutable int));
static assert(is(ImmutableOf!(const int) == immutable int));
static assert(is(ImmutableOf!(inout int) == immutable int));
static assert(is(ImmutableOf!(shared int) == immutable int));
template QualifierOf(T)
Gives a template that can be used to apply the same attributes that are on the given type T. E.g. passing inout shared int will return SharedInoutOf.
Parameters:
T the type to check qualifiers from
Returns:
The qualifier template from the given type T
Examples: 
static assert(__traits(isSame, QualifierOf!(immutable int), ImmutableOf));
static assert(__traits(isSame, QualifierOf!(shared int), SharedOf));
static assert(__traits(isSame, QualifierOf!(shared inout int), SharedInoutOf));
template packageName(alias T)
Get the full package name for the given symbol.
Examples: 
static assert(packageName!packageName == "std");
Examples: 
static assert(packageName!moduleName == "std");
template moduleName(alias T)
Get the module name (including package) for the given symbol.
Examples: 
static assert(moduleName!moduleName == "std.traits");
template fullyQualifiedName(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Get the fully qualified name of a type or a symbol. Can act as an intelligent type/symbol to string converter.

Example 

module myModule;
struct MyStruct {}
static assert(fullyQualifiedName!(const MyStruct[]) == "const(myModule.MyStruct[])");

Examples: 
static assert(fullyQualifiedName!fullyQualifiedName == "std.traits.fullyQualifiedName");
template ReturnType(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Get the type of the return value from a function, a pointer to function, a delegate, a struct with an opCall, a pointer to a struct with an opCall, or a class with an opCall. Please note that ref is not part of a type, but the attribute of the function (see template functionAttributes).
Examples: 
int foo();
ReturnType!foo x;   // x is declared as int
template Parameters(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Get, as a tuple, the types of the parameters to a function, a pointer to function, a delegate, a struct with an opCall, a pointer to a struct with an opCall, or a class with an opCall.
Examples: 
int foo(int, long);
void bar(Parameters!foo);      // declares void bar(int, long);
void abc(Parameters!foo[1]);   // declares void abc(long);
alias ParameterTypeTuple = Parameters(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func);
Alternate name for Parameters, kept for legacy compatibility.
template arity(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func && (variadicFunctionStyle!func == Variadic.no))
Returns the number of arguments of function func. arity is undefined for variadic functions.
Examples: 
void foo(){}
static assert(arity!foo == 0);
void bar(uint){}
static assert(arity!bar == 1);
void variadicFoo(uint...){}
static assert(!__traits(compiles, arity!variadicFoo));
enum ParameterStorageClass: uint;

template ParameterStorageClassTuple(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Get tuple, one per function parameter, of the storage classes of the parameters.
Parameters:
func function symbol or type of function, delegate, or pointer to function
Returns:
A tuple of ParameterStorageClass bits
Examples: 
alias STC = ParameterStorageClass; // shorten the enum name

void func(ref int ctx, out real result, real param)
{
}
alias pstc = ParameterStorageClassTuple!func;
static assert(pstc.length == 3); // three parameters
static assert(pstc[0] == STC.ref_);
static assert(pstc[1] == STC.out_);
static assert(pstc[2] == STC.none);
none

scope_

out_

ref_

lazy_

return_
These flags can be bitwise OR-ed together to represent complex storage class.
enum ParameterStorageClass extractParameterStorageClassFlags(Attribs...);
Convert the result of __traits(getParameterStorageClasses) to ParameterStorageClass enums.
Parameters:
Attribs The return value of __traits(getParameterStorageClasses)
Returns:
The bitwise OR of the equivalent ParameterStorageClass enums.
Examples: 
static void func(ref int ctx, out real result);

enum param1 = extractParameterStorageClassFlags!(
    __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, func, 0)
);
static assert(param1 == ParameterStorageClass.ref_);

enum param2 = extractParameterStorageClassFlags!(
    __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, func, 1)
);
static assert(param2 == ParameterStorageClass.out_);

enum param3 = extractParameterStorageClassFlags!(
    __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, func, 0),
    __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, func, 1)
);
static assert(param3 == (ParameterStorageClass.ref_ | ParameterStorageClass.out_));
template ParameterIdentifierTuple(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Get, as a tuple, the identifiers of the parameters to a function symbol.
Examples: 
int foo(int num, string name, int);
static assert([ParameterIdentifierTuple!foo] == ["num", "name", ""]);
template ParameterDefaults(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Get, as a tuple, the default value of the parameters to a function symbol. If a parameter doesn't have the default value, void is returned instead.
Examples: 
int foo(int num, string name = "hello", int[] = [1,2,3], lazy int x = 0);
static assert(is(ParameterDefaults!foo[0] == void));
static assert(   ParameterDefaults!foo[1] == "hello");
static assert(   ParameterDefaults!foo[2] == [1,2,3]);
static assert(   ParameterDefaults!foo[3] == 0);
alias ParameterDefaultValueTuple = ParameterDefaults(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func);
Alternate name for ParameterDefaults, kept for legacy compatibility.
enum FunctionAttribute: uint;

template functionAttributes(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Returns the FunctionAttribute mask for function func.
See Also:
hasFunctionAttributes
Examples: 
alias FA = FunctionAttribute; // shorten the enum name

real func(real x) pure nothrow @safe
{
    return x;
}
static assert(functionAttributes!func & FA.pure_);
static assert(functionAttributes!func & FA.safe);
static assert(!(functionAttributes!func & FA.trusted)); // not @trusted
none

pure_

nothrow_

ref_

property

trusted

safe

nogc

system

const_

immutable_

inout_

shared_

return_

scope_
These flags can be bitwise OR-ed together to represent a complex attribute.
template hasFunctionAttributes(args...) if (args.length > 0 && isCallable!(args[0]) && allSatisfy!(isSomeString, typeof(args[1..$])))
Checks whether a function has the given attributes attached.
Parameters:
args Function to check, followed by a variadic number of function attributes as strings
Returns:
true, if the function has the list of attributes attached and false otherwise.
See Also:
functionAttributes
Examples: 
real func(real x) pure nothrow @safe;
static assert(hasFunctionAttributes!(func, "@safe", "pure"));
static assert(!hasFunctionAttributes!(func, "@trusted"));

// for templates attributes are automatically inferred
bool myFunc(T)(T b)
{
    return !b;
}
static assert(hasFunctionAttributes!(myFunc!bool, "@safe", "pure", "@nogc", "nothrow"));
static assert(!hasFunctionAttributes!(myFunc!bool, "shared"));
template isSafe(alias func) if (isCallable!func)
true if func is @safe or @trusted.
Examples: 
@safe    int add(int a, int b) {return a+b;}
@trusted int sub(int a, int b) {return a-b;}
@system  int mul(int a, int b) {return a*b;}

static assert( isSafe!add);
static assert( isSafe!sub);
static assert(!isSafe!mul);
enum auto isUnsafe(alias func);
true if func is @system.
Examples: 
@safe    int add(int a, int b) {return a+b;}
@trusted int sub(int a, int b) {return a-b;}
@system  int mul(int a, int b) {return a*b;}

static assert(!isUnsafe!add);
static assert(!isUnsafe!sub);
static assert( isUnsafe!mul);
template functionLinkage(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Determine the linkage attribute of the function.
Parameters:
func the function symbol, or the type of a function, delegate, or pointer to function
Returns:
one of the strings "D", "C", "C++", "Windows", "Objective-C", or "System".
Examples: 
extern(D) void Dfunc() {}
extern(C) void Cfunc() {}
static assert(functionLinkage!Dfunc == "D");
static assert(functionLinkage!Cfunc == "C");

string a = functionLinkage!Dfunc;
writeln(a); // "D"

auto fp = &Cfunc;
string b = functionLinkage!fp;
writeln(b); // "C"
enum Variadic: int;

template variadicFunctionStyle(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Determines what kind of variadic parameters function has.
Parameters:
func function symbol or type of function, delegate, or pointer to function
Returns:
enum Variadic
Examples: 
void func() {}
static assert(variadicFunctionStyle!func == Variadic.no);

extern(C) int printf(in char*, ...);
static assert(variadicFunctionStyle!printf == Variadic.c);
no
Function is not variadic.
c
Function is a C-style variadic function, which uses core.stdc.stdarg
d
Function is a D-style variadic function, which uses __argptr and __arguments.
typesafe
Function is a typesafe variadic function.
template FunctionTypeOf(func...) if (func.length == 1 && isCallable!func)
Get the function type from a callable object func.
Using builtin typeof on a property function yields the types of the property value, not of the property function itself. Still, FunctionTypeOf is able to obtain function types of properties.

Note Do not confuse function types with function pointer types; function types are usually used for compile-time reflection purposes.

Examples: 
class C
{
    int value() @property { return 0; }
}
static assert(is( typeof(C.value) == int ));
static assert(is( FunctionTypeOf!(C.value) == function ));
template SetFunctionAttributes(T, string linkage, uint attrs) if (isFunctionPointer!T || isDelegate!T)

template SetFunctionAttributes(T, string linkage, uint attrs) if (is(T == function))
Constructs a new function or delegate type with the same basic signature as the given one, but different attributes (including linkage).
This is especially useful for adding/removing attributes to/from types in generic code, where the actual type name cannot be spelt out.
Parameters:
T The base type.
linkage The desired linkage of the result type.
attrs The desired FunctionAttributes of the result type.
Examples: 
alias ExternC(T) = SetFunctionAttributes!(T, "C", functionAttributes!T);

auto assumePure(T)(T t)
if (isFunctionPointer!T || isDelegate!T)
{
    enum attrs = functionAttributes!T | FunctionAttribute.pure_;
    return cast(SetFunctionAttributes!(T, functionLinkage!T, attrs)) t;
}

int f()
{
    import core.thread : getpid;
    return getpid();
}

int g() pure @trusted
{
    auto pureF = assumePure(&f);
    return pureF();
}
assert(g() > 0);
template isInnerClass(T) if (is(T == class))
Determines whether T is a class nested inside another class and that T.outer is the implicit reference to the outer class (i.e. outer has not been used as a field or method name)
Parameters:
T type to test
Returns:
true if T is a class nested inside another, with the conditions described above; false otherwise
Examples: 
class C
{
    int outer;
}
static assert(!isInnerClass!C);

class Outer1
{
    class Inner1 { }
    class Inner2
    {
        int outer;
    }
}
static assert(isInnerClass!(Outer1.Inner1));
static assert(!isInnerClass!(Outer1.Inner2));

static class Outer2
{
    static class Inner
    {
        int outer;
    }
}
static assert(!isInnerClass!(Outer2.Inner));
template isNested(T) if (is(T == class) || is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
Determines whether T has its own context pointer. T must be either class, struct, or union.
Examples: 
static struct S { }
static assert(!isNested!S);

int i;
struct NestedStruct { void f() { ++i; } }
static assert(isNested!NestedStruct);
template hasNested(T)
Determines whether T or any of its representation types have a context pointer.
Examples: 
static struct S { }

int i;
struct NS { void f() { ++i; } }

static assert(!hasNested!(S[2]));
static assert(hasNested!(NS[2]));
template Fields(T)
Get as a tuple the types of the fields of a struct, class, or union. This consists of the fields that take up memory space, excluding the hidden fields like the virtual function table pointer or a context pointer for nested types. If T isn't a struct, class, or union returns a tuple with one element T.
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;
struct S { int x; float y; }
static assert(is(Fields!S == AliasSeq!(int, float)));
alias FieldTypeTuple = Fields(T);
Alternate name for Fields, kept for legacy compatibility.
template FieldNameTuple(T)
Get as an expression tuple the names of the fields of a struct, class, or union. This consists of the fields that take up memory space, excluding the hidden fields like the virtual function table pointer or a context pointer for nested types. Inherited fields (for classes) are not included. If T isn't a struct, class, or union, an expression tuple with an empty string is returned.
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;
struct S { int x; float y; }
static assert(FieldNameTuple!S == AliasSeq!("x", "y"));
static assert(FieldNameTuple!int == AliasSeq!"");
template RepresentationTypeTuple(T)
Get the primitive types of the fields of a struct or class, in topological order.
Examples: 
struct S1 { int a; float b; }
struct S2 { char[] a; union { S1 b; S1 * c; } }
alias R = RepresentationTypeTuple!S2;
assert(R.length == 4
    && is(R[0] == char[]) && is(R[1] == int)
    && is(R[2] == float) && is(R[3] == S1*));
template hasAliasing(T...)
Returns true if and only if T's representation includes at least one of the following:
  1. a raw pointer U* and U is not immutable;
  2. an array U[] and U is not immutable;
  3. a reference to a class or interface type C and C is not immutable.
  4. an associative array that is not immutable.
  5. a delegate.
Examples: 
struct S1 { int a; Object b; }
struct S2 { string a; }
struct S3 { int a; immutable Object b; }
struct S4 { float[3] vals; }
static assert( hasAliasing!S1);
static assert(!hasAliasing!S2);
static assert(!hasAliasing!S3);
static assert(!hasAliasing!S4);
template hasIndirections(T)
Returns true if and only if T's representation includes at least one of the following:
  1. a raw pointer U*;
  2. an array U[];
  3. a reference to a class type C.
  4. an associative array.
  5. a delegate.
Examples: 
static assert( hasIndirections!(int[string]));
static assert( hasIndirections!(void delegate()));
static assert( hasIndirections!(void delegate() immutable));
static assert( hasIndirections!(immutable(void delegate())));
static assert( hasIndirections!(immutable(void delegate() immutable)));

static assert(!hasIndirections!(void function()));
static assert( hasIndirections!(void*[1]));
static assert(!hasIndirections!(byte[1]));
template hasUnsharedAliasing(T...)
Returns true if and only if T's representation includes at least one of the following:
  1. a raw pointer U* and U is not immutable or shared;
  2. an array U[] and U is not immutable or shared;
  3. a reference to a class type C and C is not immutable or shared.
  4. an associative array that is not immutable or shared.
  5. a delegate that is not shared.
Examples: 
struct S1 { int a; Object b; }
struct S2 { string a; }
struct S3 { int a; immutable Object b; }
static assert( hasUnsharedAliasing!S1);
static assert(!hasUnsharedAliasing!S2);
static assert(!hasUnsharedAliasing!S3);

struct S4 { int a; shared Object b; }
struct S5 { char[] a; }
struct S6 { shared char[] b; }
struct S7 { float[3] vals; }
static assert(!hasUnsharedAliasing!S4);
static assert( hasUnsharedAliasing!S5);
static assert(!hasUnsharedAliasing!S6);
static assert(!hasUnsharedAliasing!S7);
template hasElaborateCopyConstructor(S)
True if S or any type embedded directly in the representation of S defines an elaborate copy constructor. Elaborate copy constructors are introduced by defining this(this) for a struct.
Classes and unions never have elaborate copy constructors.
Examples: 
static assert(!hasElaborateCopyConstructor!int);

static struct S1 { }
static struct S2 { this(this) {} }
static struct S3 { S2 field; }
static struct S4 { S3[1] field; }
static struct S5 { S3[] field; }
static struct S6 { S3[0] field; }
static struct S7 { @disable this(); S3 field; }
static assert(!hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S1);
static assert( hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S2);
static assert( hasElaborateCopyConstructor!(immutable S2));
static assert( hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S3);
static assert( hasElaborateCopyConstructor!(S3[1]));
static assert(!hasElaborateCopyConstructor!(S3[0]));
static assert( hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S4);
static assert(!hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S5);
static assert(!hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S6);
static assert( hasElaborateCopyConstructor!S7);
template hasElaborateAssign(S)
True if S or any type directly embedded in the representation of S defines an elaborate assignment. Elaborate assignments are introduced by defining opAssign(typeof(this)) or opAssign(ref typeof(this)) for a struct or when there is a compiler-generated opAssign.
A type S gets compiler-generated opAssign in case it has an elaborate copy constructor or elaborate destructor.
Classes and unions never have elaborate assignments.

Note Structs with (possibly nested) postblit operator(s) will have a hidden yet elaborate compiler generated assignment operator (unless explicitly disabled).

Examples: 
static assert(!hasElaborateAssign!int);

static struct S  { void opAssign(S) {} }
static assert( hasElaborateAssign!S);
static assert(!hasElaborateAssign!(const(S)));

static struct S1 { void opAssign(ref S1) {} }
static struct S2 { void opAssign(int) {} }
static struct S3 { S s; }
static assert( hasElaborateAssign!S1);
static assert(!hasElaborateAssign!S2);
static assert( hasElaborateAssign!S3);
static assert( hasElaborateAssign!(S3[1]));
static assert(!hasElaborateAssign!(S3[0]));
template hasElaborateDestructor(S)
True if S or any type directly embedded in the representation of S defines an elaborate destructor. Elaborate destructors are introduced by defining ~this() for a struct.
Classes and unions never have elaborate destructors, even though classes may define ~this().
Examples: 
static assert(!hasElaborateDestructor!int);

static struct S1 { }
static struct S2 { ~this() {} }
static struct S3 { S2 field; }
static struct S4 { S3[1] field; }
static struct S5 { S3[] field; }
static struct S6 { S3[0] field; }
static struct S7 { @disable this(); S3 field; }
static assert(!hasElaborateDestructor!S1);
static assert( hasElaborateDestructor!S2);
static assert( hasElaborateDestructor!(immutable S2));
static assert( hasElaborateDestructor!S3);
static assert( hasElaborateDestructor!(S3[1]));
static assert(!hasElaborateDestructor!(S3[0]));
static assert( hasElaborateDestructor!S4);
static assert(!hasElaborateDestructor!S5);
static assert(!hasElaborateDestructor!S6);
static assert( hasElaborateDestructor!S7);
enum auto hasMember(T, string name);
Yields true if and only if T is an aggregate that defines a symbol called name.
Examples: 
static assert(!hasMember!(int, "blah"));
struct S1 { int blah; }
struct S2 { int blah(){ return 0; } }
class C1 { int blah; }
class C2 { int blah(){ return 0; } }
static assert(hasMember!(S1, "blah"));
static assert(hasMember!(S2, "blah"));
static assert(hasMember!(C1, "blah"));
static assert(hasMember!(C2, "blah"));
template hasStaticMember(T, string member)
Whether the symbol represented by the string, member, exists and is a static member of T.
Parameters:
T Type containing symbol member.
member Name of symbol to test that resides in T.
Returns:
true iff member exists and is static.
Examples: 
static struct S
{
    static void sf() {}
    void f() {}

    static int si;
    int i;
}

static assert( hasStaticMember!(S, "sf"));
static assert(!hasStaticMember!(S, "f"));

static assert( hasStaticMember!(S, "si"));
static assert(!hasStaticMember!(S, "i"));

static assert(!hasStaticMember!(S, "hello"));
template EnumMembers(E) if (is(E == enum))
Retrieves the members of an enumerated type enum E.
Parameters:
E An enumerated type. E may have duplicated values.
Returns:
Static tuple composed of the members of the enumerated type E. The members are arranged in the same order as declared in E.

Note An enum can have multiple members which have the same value. If you want to use EnumMembers to e.g. generate switch cases at compile-time, you should use the std.meta.NoDuplicates template to avoid generating duplicate switch cases.

Note Returned values are strictly typed with E. Thus, the following code does not work without the explicit cast: 

enum E : int { a, b, c }
int[] abc = cast(int[]) [ EnumMembers!E ];
Cast is not necessary if the type of the variable is inferred. See the example below.

Examples:
Create an array of enumerated values 
enum Sqrts : real
{
    one = 1,
    two = 1.41421,
    three = 1.73205
}
auto sqrts = [EnumMembers!Sqrts];
writeln(sqrts); // [Sqrts.one, Sqrts.two, Sqrts.three]
Examples:
A generic function rank(v) in the following example uses this template for finding a member e in an enumerated type E. 
// Returns i if e is the i-th enumerator of E.
static size_t rank(E)(E e)
if (is(E == enum))
{
    static foreach (i, member; EnumMembers!E)
    {
        if (e == member)
            return i;
    }
    assert(0, "Not an enum member");
}

enum Mode
{
    read = 1,
    write = 2,
    map = 4
}
writeln(rank(Mode.read)); // 0
writeln(rank(Mode.write)); // 1
writeln(rank(Mode.map)); // 2
template BaseTypeTuple(A)
Get a AliasSeq of the base class and base interfaces of this class or interface. BaseTypeTuple!Object returns the empty type tuple.
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;

interface I1 { }
interface I2 { }
interface I12 : I1, I2 { }
static assert(is(BaseTypeTuple!I12 == AliasSeq!(I1, I2)));

interface I3 : I1 { }
interface I123 : I1, I2, I3 { }
static assert(is(BaseTypeTuple!I123 == AliasSeq!(I1, I2, I3)));
template BaseClassesTuple(T) if (is(T == class))
Get a AliasSeq of all base classes of this class, in decreasing order. Interfaces are not included. BaseClassesTuple!Object yields the empty type tuple.
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;

class C1 { }
class C2 : C1 { }
class C3 : C2 { }
static assert(!BaseClassesTuple!Object.length);
static assert(is(BaseClassesTuple!C1 == AliasSeq!(Object)));
static assert(is(BaseClassesTuple!C2 == AliasSeq!(C1, Object)));
static assert(is(BaseClassesTuple!C3 == AliasSeq!(C2, C1, Object)));
template InterfacesTuple(T)
Parameters:
T The class or interface to search.
Returns:
std.meta.AliasSeq of all interfaces directly or indirectly inherited by this class or interface. Interfaces do not repeat if multiply implemented.
InterfacesTuple!Object yields an empty AliasSeq.
Examples: 
interface I1 {}
interface I2 {}
class A : I1, I2 {}
class B : A, I1 {}
class C : B {}

alias TL = InterfacesTuple!C;
static assert(is(TL[0] == I1) && is(TL[1] == I2));
template TransitiveBaseTypeTuple(T)
Get a AliasSeq of all base classes of T, in decreasing order, followed by T's interfaces. TransitiveBaseTypeTuple!Object yields the empty type tuple.
Examples: 
interface J1 {}
interface J2 {}
class B1 {}
class B2 : B1, J1, J2 {}
class B3 : B2, J1 {}
alias TL = TransitiveBaseTypeTuple!B3;
writeln(TL.length); // 5
assert(is (TL[0] == B2));
assert(is (TL[1] == B1));
assert(is (TL[2] == Object));
assert(is (TL[3] == J1));
assert(is (TL[4] == J2));

writeln(TransitiveBaseTypeTuple!Object.length); // 0
template MemberFunctionsTuple(C, string name) if (is(C == class) || is(C == interface))
Returns a tuple of non-static functions with the name name declared in the class or interface C. Covariant duplicates are shrunk into the most derived one.
Examples: 
interface I { I foo(); }
class B
{
    real foo(real v) { return v; }
}
class C : B, I
{
    override C foo() { return this; } // covariant overriding of I.foo()
}
alias foos = MemberFunctionsTuple!(C, "foo");
static assert(foos.length == 2);
static assert(__traits(isSame, foos[0], C.foo));
static assert(__traits(isSame, foos[1], B.foo));
template TemplateOf(alias T : Base!Args, alias Base, Args...)

template TemplateOf(T : Base!Args, alias Base, Args...)

template TemplateOf(T)
Returns an alias to the template that T is an instance of. It will return void if a symbol without a template is given.
Examples: 
struct Foo(T, U) {}
static assert(__traits(isSame, TemplateOf!(Foo!(int, real)), Foo));
template TemplateArgsOf(alias T : Base!Args, alias Base, Args...)

template TemplateArgsOf(T : Base!Args, alias Base, Args...)
Returns a AliasSeq of the template arguments used to instantiate T.
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;

struct Foo(T, U) {}
static assert(is(TemplateArgsOf!(Foo!(int, real)) == AliasSeq!(int, real)));
template classInstanceAlignment(T) if (is(T == class))
Returns class instance alignment.
Examples: 
class A { byte b; }
class B { long l; }

// As class instance always has a hidden pointer
static assert(classInstanceAlignment!A == (void*).alignof);
static assert(classInstanceAlignment!B == long.alignof);
template CommonType(T...)
Get the type that all types can be implicitly converted to. Useful e.g. in figuring out an array type from a bunch of initializing values. Returns void if passed an empty list, or if the types have no common type.
Examples: 
alias X = CommonType!(int, long, short);
assert(is(X == long));
alias Y = CommonType!(int, char[], short);
assert(is(Y == void));
Examples: 
static assert(is(CommonType!(3) == int));
static assert(is(CommonType!(double, 4, float) == double));
static assert(is(CommonType!(string, char[]) == const(char)[]));
static assert(is(CommonType!(3, 3U) == uint));
static assert(is(CommonType!(double, int) == double));
template ImplicitConversionTargets(T)
Parameters:
T The type to check
Returns:
An std.meta.AliasSeq with all possible target types of an implicit conversion T.
If T is a class derived from Object, the the result of TransitiveBaseTypeTuple is returned.
If the type is not a built-in value type or a class derived from Object, the an empty std.meta.AliasSeq is returned.

Note The possible targets are computed more conservatively than the language allows, eliminating all dangerous conversions. For example, ImplicitConversionTargets!double does not include float.

See Also:
isImplicitlyConvertible
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;

static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(ulong) == AliasSeq!(float, double, real)));
static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(int) == AliasSeq!(long, ulong, float, double, real)));
static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(float) == AliasSeq!(double, real)));
static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(double) == AliasSeq!(real)));

static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(char) == AliasSeq!(
    wchar, dchar, byte, ubyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, real
)));
static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(wchar) == AliasSeq!(
    dchar, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, real
)));
static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(dchar) == AliasSeq!(
    int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, real
)));

static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(string) == AliasSeq!(const(char)[])));
static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(void*) == AliasSeq!(void*)));

interface A {}
interface B {}
class C : A, B {}

static assert(is(ImplicitConversionTargets!(C) == AliasSeq!(Object, A, B)));
enum bool isImplicitlyConvertible(From, To);
Is From implicitly convertible to To?
Examples: 
static assert( isImplicitlyConvertible!(immutable(char), char));
static assert( isImplicitlyConvertible!(const(char), char));
static assert( isImplicitlyConvertible!(char, wchar));
static assert(!isImplicitlyConvertible!(wchar, char));

static assert(!isImplicitlyConvertible!(const(ushort), ubyte));
static assert(!isImplicitlyConvertible!(const(uint), ubyte));
static assert(!isImplicitlyConvertible!(const(ulong), ubyte));

static assert(!isImplicitlyConvertible!(const(char)[], string));
static assert( isImplicitlyConvertible!(string, const(char)[]));
enum auto isAssignable(Lhs, Rhs = Lhs);
Returns true iff a value of type Rhs can be assigned to a variable of type Lhs.
isAssignable returns whether both an lvalue and rvalue can be assigned.
If you omit Rhs, isAssignable will check identity assignable of Lhs.
Examples: 
static assert( isAssignable!(long, int));
static assert(!isAssignable!(int, long));
static assert( isAssignable!(const(char)[], string));
static assert(!isAssignable!(string, char[]));

// int is assignable to int
static assert( isAssignable!int);

// immutable int is not assignable to immutable int
static assert(!isAssignable!(immutable int));
template isCovariantWith(F, G) if (is(F == function) && is(G == function) || is(F == delegate) && is(G == delegate) || isFunctionPointer!F && isFunctionPointer!G)
Determines whether the function type F is covariant with G, i.e., functions of the type F can override ones of the type G.
Examples: 
interface I { I clone(); }
interface J { J clone(); }
class C : I
{
    override C clone()   // covariant overriding of I.clone()
    {
        return new C;
    }
}

// C.clone() can override I.clone(), indeed.
static assert(isCovariantWith!(typeof(C.clone), typeof(I.clone)));

// C.clone() can't override J.clone(); the return type C is not implicitly
// convertible to J.
static assert(!isCovariantWith!(typeof(C.clone), typeof(J.clone)));
@property T rvalueOf(T)(inout __InoutWorkaroundStruct = __InoutWorkaroundStruct.init);

@property ref T lvalueOf(T)(inout __InoutWorkaroundStruct = __InoutWorkaroundStruct.init);
Creates an lvalue or rvalue of type T for typeof(...) and __traits(compiles, ...) purposes. No actual value is returned.
Parameters:
T The type to transform

Note Trying to use returned value will result in a "Symbol Undefined" error at link time.

Examples: 
static int f(int);
static assert(is(typeof(f(rvalueOf!int)) == int));
Examples: 
static bool f(ref int);
static assert(is(typeof(f(lvalueOf!int)) == bool));
enum bool isBoolean(T);
Detect whether T is a built-in boolean type.
Examples: 
static assert( isBoolean!bool);
enum EB : bool { a = true }
static assert( isBoolean!EB);
static assert(!isBoolean!(SubTypeOf!bool));
enum bool isIntegral(T);
Detect whether T is a built-in integral type. Types bool, char, wchar, and dchar are not considered integral.
Examples: 
static assert(
    isIntegral!byte &&
    isIntegral!short &&
    isIntegral!int &&
    isIntegral!long &&
    isIntegral!(const(long)) &&
    isIntegral!(immutable(long))
);

static assert(
    !isIntegral!bool &&
    !isIntegral!char &&
    !isIntegral!double
);

// types which act as integral values do not pass
struct S
{
    int val;
    alias val this;
}

static assert(!isIntegral!S);
enum bool isFloatingPoint(T);
Detect whether T is a built-in floating point type.
Examples: 
static assert(
    isFloatingPoint!float &&
    isFloatingPoint!double &&
    isFloatingPoint!real &&
    isFloatingPoint!(const(real)) &&
    isFloatingPoint!(immutable(real))
);

static assert(!isFloatingPoint!int);

// complex and imaginary numbers do not pass
static assert(
    !isFloatingPoint!cfloat &&
    !isFloatingPoint!ifloat
);

// types which act as floating point values do not pass
struct S
{
    float val;
    alias val this;
}

static assert(!isFloatingPoint!S);
enum bool isNumeric(T);
Detect whether T is a built-in numeric type (integral or floating point).
Examples: 
static assert(
    isNumeric!byte &&
    isNumeric!short &&
    isNumeric!int &&
    isNumeric!long &&
    isNumeric!float &&
    isNumeric!double &&
    isNumeric!real &&
    isNumeric!(const(real)) &&
    isNumeric!(immutable(real))
);

static assert(
    !isNumeric!void &&
    !isNumeric!bool &&
    !isNumeric!char &&
    !isNumeric!wchar &&
    !isNumeric!dchar
);

// types which act as numeric values do not pass
struct S
{
    int val;
    alias val this;
}

static assert(!isIntegral!S);
enum bool isScalarType(T);
Detect whether T is a scalar type (a built-in numeric, character or boolean type).
Examples: 
static assert(!isScalarType!void);
static assert( isScalarType!(immutable(byte)));
static assert( isScalarType!(immutable(ushort)));
static assert( isScalarType!(immutable(int)));
static assert( isScalarType!(ulong));
static assert( isScalarType!(shared(float)));
static assert( isScalarType!(shared(const bool)));
static assert( isScalarType!(const(char)));
static assert( isScalarType!(wchar));
static assert( isScalarType!(const(dchar)));
static assert( isScalarType!(const(double)));
static assert( isScalarType!(const(real)));
enum bool isBasicType(T);
Detect whether T is a basic type (scalar type or void).
Examples: 
static assert(isBasicType!void);
static assert(isBasicType!(const(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(shared(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(immutable(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(shared const(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(shared inout(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(shared inout const(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(inout(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(inout const(void)));
static assert(isBasicType!(immutable(int)));
static assert(isBasicType!(shared(float)));
static assert(isBasicType!(shared(const bool)));
static assert(isBasicType!(const(dchar)));
enum bool isUnsigned(T);
Detect whether T is a built-in unsigned numeric type.
Examples: 
static assert(
    isUnsigned!uint &&
    isUnsigned!ulong
);

static assert(
    !isUnsigned!char &&
    !isUnsigned!int &&
    !isUnsigned!long &&
    !isUnsigned!char &&
    !isUnsigned!wchar &&
    !isUnsigned!dchar
);
enum bool isSigned(T);
Detect whether T is a built-in signed numeric type.
Examples: 
static assert(
    isSigned!int &&
    isSigned!long
);

static assert(
    !isSigned!uint &&
    !isSigned!ulong
);
enum bool isSomeChar(T);
Detect whether T is one of the built-in character types.
The built-in char types are any of char, wchar or dchar, with or without qualifiers.
Examples: 
//Char types
static assert( isSomeChar!char);
static assert( isSomeChar!wchar);
static assert( isSomeChar!dchar);
static assert( isSomeChar!(typeof('c')));
static assert( isSomeChar!(immutable char));
static assert( isSomeChar!(const dchar));

//Non char types
static assert(!isSomeChar!int);
static assert(!isSomeChar!byte);
static assert(!isSomeChar!string);
static assert(!isSomeChar!wstring);
static assert(!isSomeChar!dstring);
static assert(!isSomeChar!(char[4]));
enum bool isSomeString(T);
Detect whether T is one of the built-in string types.
The built-in string types are Char[], where Char is any of char, wchar or dchar, with or without qualifiers.
Static arrays of characters (like char[80]) are not considered built-in string types.
Examples: 
//String types
static assert( isSomeString!string);
static assert( isSomeString!(wchar[]));
static assert( isSomeString!(dchar[]));
static assert( isSomeString!(typeof("aaa")));
static assert( isSomeString!(const(char)[]));

//Non string types
static assert(!isSomeString!int);
static assert(!isSomeString!(int[]));
static assert(!isSomeString!(byte[]));
static assert(!isSomeString!(typeof(null)));
static assert(!isSomeString!(char[4]));

enum ES : string { a = "aaa", b = "bbb" }
static assert(!isSomeString!ES);

static struct Stringish
{
    string str;
    alias str this;
}
static assert(!isSomeString!Stringish);
enum bool isNarrowString(T);
Detect whether type T is a narrow string.
All arrays that use char, wchar, and their qualified versions are narrow strings. (Those include string and wstring).
Examples: 
static assert(isNarrowString!string);
static assert(isNarrowString!wstring);
static assert(isNarrowString!(char[]));
static assert(isNarrowString!(wchar[]));

static assert(!isNarrowString!dstring);
static assert(!isNarrowString!(dchar[]));

static assert(!isNarrowString!(typeof(null)));
static assert(!isNarrowString!(char[4]));

enum ES : string { a = "aaa", b = "bbb" }
static assert(!isNarrowString!ES);

static struct Stringish
{
    string str;
    alias str this;
}
static assert(!isNarrowString!Stringish);
enum bool isOrderingComparable(T);

enum bool isEqualityComparable(T);
Detects whether T is a comparable type. Basic types and structs and classes that implement opCmp are ordering comparable.
Examples: 
static assert(isOrderingComparable!int);
static assert(isOrderingComparable!string);
static assert(!isOrderingComparable!creal);

static struct Foo {}
static assert(!isOrderingComparable!Foo);

static struct Bar
{
    int a;
    auto opCmp(Bar b1) const { return a - b1.a; }
}

Bar b1 = Bar(5);
Bar b2 = Bar(7);
assert(isOrderingComparable!Bar && b2 > b1);
enum auto isConvertibleToString(T);
Warning: This trait will be deprecated as soon as it is no longer used in Phobos. For a function parameter to safely accept a type that implicitly converts to string as a string, the conversion needs to happen at the callsite; otherwise, the conversion is done inside the function, and in many cases, that means that local memory is sliced (e.g. if a static array is passed to the function, then it's copied, and the resulting dynamic array will be a slice of a local variable). So, if the resulting string escapes the function, the string refers to invalid memory, and accessing it would mean accessing invalid memory. As such, the only safe way for a function to accept types that implicitly convert to string is for the implicit conversion to be done at the callsite, and that can only occur if the parameter is explicitly typed as an array, whereas using isConvertibleToString in a template constraint would result in the conversion being done inside the function. As such, isConvertibleToString is inherently unsafe and is going to be deprecated.
Detect whether T is a struct, static array, or enum that is implicitly convertible to a string.
Examples: 
static struct AliasedString
{
    string s;
    alias s this;
}

enum StringEnum { a = "foo" }

assert(!isConvertibleToString!string);
assert(isConvertibleToString!AliasedString);
assert(isConvertibleToString!StringEnum);
assert(isConvertibleToString!(char[25]));
assert(!isConvertibleToString!(char[]));
enum bool isAutodecodableString(T);
Detect whether type T is a string that will be autodecoded.
All arrays that use char, wchar, and their qualified versions are narrow strings. (Those include string and wstring). Aggregates that implicitly cast to narrow strings are included.
Parameters:
T type to be tested
Returns:
true if T represents a string that is subject to autodecoding
See Also: isNarrowString
Examples: 
static struct Stringish
{
    string s;
    alias s this;
}
assert(isAutodecodableString!wstring);
assert(isAutodecodableString!Stringish);
assert(!isAutodecodableString!dstring);
enum bool isStaticArray(T);
Detect whether type T is a static array.
Examples: 
static assert( isStaticArray!(int[3]));
static assert( isStaticArray!(const(int)[5]));
static assert( isStaticArray!(const(int)[][5]));

static assert(!isStaticArray!(const(int)[]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!(immutable(int)[]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!(const(int)[4][]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!(int[]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!(int[char]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!(int[1][]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!(int[int]));
static assert(!isStaticArray!int);
enum bool isDynamicArray(T);
Detect whether type T is a dynamic array.
Examples: 
static assert( isDynamicArray!(int[]));
static assert( isDynamicArray!(string));
static assert( isDynamicArray!(long[3][]));

static assert(!isDynamicArray!(int[5]));
static assert(!isDynamicArray!(typeof(null)));
enum bool isArray(T);
Detect whether type T is an array (static or dynamic; for associative arrays see isAssociativeArray).
Examples: 
static assert( isArray!(int[]));
static assert( isArray!(int[5]));
static assert( isArray!(string));

static assert(!isArray!uint);
static assert(!isArray!(uint[uint]));
static assert(!isArray!(typeof(null)));
enum bool isAssociativeArray(T);
Detect whether T is an associative array type
enum bool isBuiltinType(T);
Detect whether type T is a builtin type.
Examples: 
class C;
union U;
struct S;
interface I;

static assert( isBuiltinType!void);
static assert( isBuiltinType!string);
static assert( isBuiltinType!(int[]));
static assert( isBuiltinType!(C[string]));
static assert(!isBuiltinType!C);
static assert(!isBuiltinType!U);
static assert(!isBuiltinType!S);
static assert(!isBuiltinType!I);
static assert(!isBuiltinType!(void delegate(int)));
enum bool isSIMDVector(T);
Detect whether type T is a SIMD vector type.
enum bool isPointer(T);
Detect whether type T is a pointer.
template PointerTarget(T : T*)
Returns the target type of a pointer.
Examples: 
static assert(is(PointerTarget!(int*) == int));
static assert(is(PointerTarget!(void*) == void));
enum bool isAggregateType(T);
Detect whether type T is an aggregate type.
Examples: 
class C;
union U;
struct S;
interface I;

static assert( isAggregateType!C);
static assert( isAggregateType!U);
static assert( isAggregateType!S);
static assert( isAggregateType!I);
static assert(!isAggregateType!void);
static assert(!isAggregateType!string);
static assert(!isAggregateType!(int[]));
static assert(!isAggregateType!(C[string]));
static assert(!isAggregateType!(void delegate(int)));
enum bool isIterable(T);
Returns true if T can be iterated over using a foreach loop with a single loop variable of automatically inferred type, regardless of how the foreach loop is implemented. This includes ranges, structs/classes that define opApply with a single loop variable, and builtin dynamic, static and associative arrays.
Examples: 
struct OpApply
{
    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref uint) dg) { assert(0); }
}

struct Range
{
    @property uint front() { assert(0); }
    void popFront() { assert(0); }
    enum bool empty = false;
}

static assert( isIterable!(uint[]));
static assert( isIterable!OpApply);
static assert( isIterable!(uint[string]));
static assert( isIterable!Range);

static assert(!isIterable!uint);
enum bool isMutable(T);
Returns true if T is not const or immutable. Note that isMutable is true for string, or immutable(char)[], because the 'head' is mutable.
Examples: 
static assert( isMutable!int);
static assert( isMutable!string);
static assert( isMutable!(shared int));
static assert( isMutable!(shared const(int)[]));

static assert(!isMutable!(const int));
static assert(!isMutable!(inout int));
static assert(!isMutable!(shared(const int)));
static assert(!isMutable!(shared(inout int)));
static assert(!isMutable!(immutable string));
enum bool isInstanceOf(alias S, T);

enum auto isInstanceOf(alias S, alias T);
Returns true if T is an instance of the template S.
Examples: 
static struct Foo(T...) { }
static struct Bar(T...) { }
static struct Doo(T) { }
static struct ABC(int x) { }
static void fun(T)() { }
template templ(T) { }

static assert(isInstanceOf!(Foo, Foo!int));
static assert(!isInstanceOf!(Foo, Bar!int));
static assert(!isInstanceOf!(Foo, int));
static assert(isInstanceOf!(Doo, Doo!int));
static assert(isInstanceOf!(ABC, ABC!1));
static assert(!isInstanceOf!(Foo, Foo));
static assert(isInstanceOf!(fun, fun!int));
static assert(isInstanceOf!(templ, templ!int));
Examples:
To use isInstanceOf to check the identity of a template while inside of said template, use TemplateOf. 
static struct A(T = void)
{
    // doesn't work as expected, only accepts A when T = void
    void func(B)(B b) if (isInstanceOf!(A, B)) {}

    // correct behavior
    void method(B)(B b) if (isInstanceOf!(TemplateOf!(A), B)) {}
}

A!(void) a1;
A!(void) a2;
A!(int) a3;

static assert(!__traits(compiles, a1.func(a3)));
static assert( __traits(compiles, a1.method(a2)));
static assert( __traits(compiles, a1.method(a3)));
template isExpressions(T...)
Check whether the tuple T is an expression tuple. An expression tuple only contains expressions.
See Also:
isTypeTuple.
Examples: 
static assert(isExpressions!(1, 2.0, "a"));
static assert(!isExpressions!(int, double, string));
static assert(!isExpressions!(int, 2.0, "a"));
alias isExpressionTuple = isExpressions(T...);
Alternate name for isExpressions, kept for legacy compatibility.
template isTypeTuple(T...)
Check whether the tuple T is a type tuple. A type tuple only contains types.
See Also:
isExpressions.
Examples: 
static assert(isTypeTuple!(int, float, string));
static assert(!isTypeTuple!(1, 2.0, "a"));
static assert(!isTypeTuple!(1, double, string));
template isFunctionPointer(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether symbol or type T is a function pointer.
Examples: 
static void foo() {}
void bar() {}

auto fpfoo = &foo;
static assert( isFunctionPointer!fpfoo);
static assert( isFunctionPointer!(void function()));

auto dgbar = &bar;
static assert(!isFunctionPointer!dgbar);
static assert(!isFunctionPointer!(void delegate()));
static assert(!isFunctionPointer!foo);
static assert(!isFunctionPointer!bar);

static assert( isFunctionPointer!((int a) {}));
template isDelegate(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether symbol or type T is a delegate.
Examples: 
static void sfunc() { }
int x;
void func() { x++; }

int delegate() dg;
assert(isDelegate!dg);
assert(isDelegate!(int delegate()));
assert(isDelegate!(typeof(&func)));

int function() fp;
assert(!isDelegate!fp);
assert(!isDelegate!(int function()));
assert(!isDelegate!(typeof(&sfunc)));
template isSomeFunction(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether symbol or type T is a function, a function pointer or a delegate.
Parameters:
T The type to check
Returns:
A bool
Examples: 
static real func(ref int) { return 0; }
static void prop() @property { }
class C
{
    real method(ref int) { return 0; }
    real prop() @property { return 0; }
}
auto c = new C;
auto fp = &func;
auto dg = &c.method;
real val;

static assert( isSomeFunction!func);
static assert( isSomeFunction!prop);
static assert( isSomeFunction!(C.method));
static assert( isSomeFunction!(C.prop));
static assert( isSomeFunction!(c.prop));
static assert( isSomeFunction!(c.prop));
static assert( isSomeFunction!fp);
static assert( isSomeFunction!dg);

static assert(!isSomeFunction!int);
static assert(!isSomeFunction!val);
template isCallable(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether T is a callable object, which can be called with the function call operator (...).
Examples: 
interface I { real value() @property; }
struct S { static int opCall(int) { return 0; } }
class C { int opCall(int) { return 0; } }
auto c = new C;

static assert( isCallable!c);
static assert( isCallable!S);
static assert( isCallable!(c.opCall));
static assert( isCallable!(I.value));
static assert( isCallable!((int a) { return a; }));

static assert(!isCallable!I);
template isAbstractFunction(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether T is an abstract function.
Parameters:
T The type to check
Returns:
A bool
Examples: 
struct S { void foo() { } }
class C { void foo() { } }
class AC { abstract void foo(); }
static assert(!isAbstractFunction!(int));
static assert(!isAbstractFunction!(S.foo));
static assert(!isAbstractFunction!(C.foo));
static assert( isAbstractFunction!(AC.foo));
template isFinalFunction(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether T is a final function.
Examples: 
struct S { void bar() { } }
final class FC { void foo(); }
class C
{
    void bar() { }
    final void foo();
}
static assert(!isFinalFunction!(int));
static assert(!isFinalFunction!(S.bar));
static assert( isFinalFunction!(FC.foo));
static assert(!isFinalFunction!(C.bar));
static assert( isFinalFunction!(C.foo));
enum auto isNestedFunction(alias f);
Determines if f is a function that requires a context pointer.
Parameters:
f The type to check Returns A bool
Examples: 
static void f() {}
static void fun()
{
    int i;
    int f() { return i; }

    static assert(isNestedFunction!(f));
}

static assert(!isNestedFunction!f);
template isAbstractClass(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether T is an abstract class.
Examples: 
struct S { }
class C { }
abstract class AC { }
static assert(!isAbstractClass!S);
static assert(!isAbstractClass!C);
static assert( isAbstractClass!AC);
C c;
static assert(!isAbstractClass!c);
AC ac;
static assert( isAbstractClass!ac);
template isFinalClass(T...) if (T.length == 1)
Detect whether T is a final class.
Examples: 
class C { }
abstract class AC { }
final class FC1 : C { }
final class FC2 { }
static assert(!isFinalClass!C);
static assert(!isFinalClass!AC);
static assert( isFinalClass!FC1);
static assert( isFinalClass!FC2);
C c;
static assert(!isFinalClass!c);
FC1 fc1;
static assert( isFinalClass!fc1);
template Unqual(T)
Removes all qualifiers, if any, from type T.
Examples: 
static assert(is(Unqual!int == int));
static assert(is(Unqual!(const int) == int));
static assert(is(Unqual!(immutable int) == int));
static assert(is(Unqual!(shared int) == int));
static assert(is(Unqual!(shared(const int)) == int));
template CopyTypeQualifiers(FromType, ToType)
Copies type qualifiers from FromType to ToType.
Supported type qualifiers:
  • const
  • inout
  • immutable
  • shared
Examples: 
static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout const real, int) == inout const int));
template CopyConstness(FromType, ToType)
Returns the type of Target with the "constness" of Source. A type's constness refers to whether it is const, immutable, or inout. If source has no constness, the returned type will be the same as Target.
Examples: 
const(int) i;
CopyConstness!(typeof(i), float) f;
assert( is(typeof(f) == const float));

CopyConstness!(char, uint) u;
assert( is(typeof(u) == uint));

//The 'shared' qualifier will not be copied
assert(!is(CopyConstness!(shared bool, int) == shared int));

//But the constness will be
assert( is(CopyConstness!(shared const real, double) == const double));

//Careful, const(int)[] is a mutable array of const(int)
alias MutT = CopyConstness!(const(int)[], int);
assert(!is(MutT == const(int)));

//Okay, const(int[]) applies to array and contained ints
alias CstT = CopyConstness!(const(int[]), int);
assert( is(CstT == const(int)));
template ForeachType(T)
Returns the inferred type of the loop variable when a variable of type T is iterated over using a foreach loop with a single loop variable and automatically inferred return type. Note that this may not be the same as std.range.ElementType!Range in the case of narrow strings, or if T has both opApply and a range interface.
Examples: 
static assert(is(ForeachType!(uint[]) == uint));
static assert(is(ForeachType!string == immutable(char)));
static assert(is(ForeachType!(string[string]) == string));
static assert(is(ForeachType!(inout(int)[]) == inout(int)));
template OriginalType(T)
Strips off all enums from type T.
Examples: 
enum E : real { a = 0 } // NOTE: explicit initialization to 0 required during Enum init deprecation cycle
enum F : E    { a = E.a }
alias G = const(F);
static assert(is(OriginalType!E == real));
static assert(is(OriginalType!F == real));
static assert(is(OriginalType!G == const real));
template KeyType(V : V[K], K)
Get the Key type of an Associative Array.
Examples: 
alias Hash = int[string];
static assert(is(KeyType!Hash == string));
static assert(is(ValueType!Hash == int));
KeyType!Hash str = "a"; // str is declared as string
ValueType!Hash num = 1; // num is declared as int
template ValueType(V : V[K], K)
Get the Value type of an Associative Array.
Examples: 
alias Hash = int[string];
static assert(is(KeyType!Hash == string));
static assert(is(ValueType!Hash == int));
KeyType!Hash str = "a"; // str is declared as string
ValueType!Hash num = 1; // num is declared as int
template Unsigned(T)
Parameters:
T A built in integral or vector type.
Returns:
The corresponding unsigned numeric type for T with the same type qualifiers.
If T is not a integral or vector, a compile-time error is given.
Examples: 
static assert(is(Unsigned!(int) == uint));
static assert(is(Unsigned!(long) == ulong));
static assert(is(Unsigned!(const short) == const ushort));
static assert(is(Unsigned!(immutable byte) == immutable ubyte));
static assert(is(Unsigned!(inout int) == inout uint));
Examples:
Unsigned types are forwarded 
static assert(is(Unsigned!(uint) == uint));
static assert(is(Unsigned!(const uint) == const uint));

static assert(is(Unsigned!(ubyte) == ubyte));
static assert(is(Unsigned!(immutable uint) == immutable uint));
template Largest(T...) if (T.length >= 1)
Returns the largest type, i.e. T such that T.sizeof is the largest. If more than one type is of the same size, the leftmost argument of these in will be returned.
Examples: 
static assert(is(Largest!(uint, ubyte, ushort, real) == real));
static assert(is(Largest!(ulong, double) == ulong));
static assert(is(Largest!(double, ulong) == double));
static assert(is(Largest!(uint, byte, double, short) == double));
static if (is(ucent))
    static assert(is(Largest!(uint, ubyte, ucent, ushort) == ucent));
template Signed(T)
Returns the corresponding signed type for T. T must be a numeric integral type, otherwise a compile-time error occurs.
Examples: 
alias S1 = Signed!uint;
static assert(is(S1 == int));
alias S2 = Signed!(const(uint));
static assert(is(S2 == const(int)));
alias S3 = Signed!(immutable(uint));
static assert(is(S3 == immutable(int)));
static if (is(ucent))
{
    alias S4 = Signed!ucent;
    static assert(is(S4 == cent));
}
template mostNegative(T) if (isNumeric!T || isSomeChar!T || isBoolean!T)
Returns the most negative value of the numeric type T.
Examples: 
static assert(mostNegative!float == -float.max);
static assert(mostNegative!double == -double.max);
static assert(mostNegative!real == -real.max);
static assert(mostNegative!bool == false);
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;

static foreach (T; AliasSeq!(bool, byte, short, int, long))
    static assert(mostNegative!T == T.min);

static foreach (T; AliasSeq!(ubyte, ushort, uint, ulong, char, wchar, dchar))
    static assert(mostNegative!T == 0);
template Promoted(T) if (isScalarType!T)
Get the type that a scalar type T will promote to in multi-term arithmetic expressions.
Examples: 
ubyte a = 3, b = 5;
static assert(is(typeof(a * b) == Promoted!ubyte));
static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));

static assert(is(Promoted!(shared(bool)) == shared(int)));
static assert(is(Promoted!(const(int)) == const(int)));
static assert(is(Promoted!double == double));
template mangledName(sth...) if (sth.length == 1)
Returns the mangled name of symbol or type sth.
mangledName is the same as builtin .mangleof property, but might be more convenient in generic code, e.g. as a template argument when invoking staticMap.
Examples: 
import std.meta : AliasSeq;
alias TL = staticMap!(mangledName, int, const int, immutable int);
static assert(TL == AliasSeq!("i", "xi", "yi"));
template Select(bool condition, T...) if (T.length == 2)
Aliases itself to T[0] if the boolean condition is true and to T[1] otherwise.
Examples: 
// can select types
static assert(is(Select!(true, int, long) == int));
static assert(is(Select!(false, int, long) == long));
static struct Foo {}
static assert(is(Select!(false, const(int), const(Foo)) == const(Foo)));

// can select symbols
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
alias selA = Select!(true, a, b);
alias selB = Select!(false, a, b);
writeln(selA); // 1
writeln(selB); // 2

// can select (compile-time) expressions
enum val = Select!(false, -4, 9 - 6);
static assert(val == 3);
A select(bool cond : true, A, B)(A a, lazy B b);

B select(bool cond : false, A, B)(lazy A a, B b);
Select one of two functions to run via template parameter.
Parameters:
cond A bool which determines which function is run
A a The first function
B b The second function
Returns:
a without evaluating b if cond is true. Otherwise, returns b without evaluating a.
Examples: 
real run() { return 0; }
int fail() { assert(0); }
auto a = select!true(run(), fail());
auto b = select!false(fail(), run());
static assert(is(typeof(a) == real));
static assert(is(typeof(b) == real));
enum auto hasUDA(alias symbol, alias attribute);
Determine if a symbol has a given user-defined attribute.
See Also:
getUDAs
Examples: 
enum E;
struct S {}

@("alpha") int a;
static assert(hasUDA!(a, "alpha"));
static assert(!hasUDA!(a, S));
static assert(!hasUDA!(a, E));

@(E) int b;
static assert(!hasUDA!(b, "alpha"));
static assert(!hasUDA!(b, S));
static assert(hasUDA!(b, E));

@E int c;
static assert(!hasUDA!(c, "alpha"));
static assert(!hasUDA!(c, S));
static assert(hasUDA!(c, E));

@(S, E) int d;
static assert(!hasUDA!(d, "alpha"));
static assert(hasUDA!(d, S));
static assert(hasUDA!(d, E));

@S int e;
static assert(!hasUDA!(e, "alpha"));
static assert(hasUDA!(e, S));
static assert(!hasUDA!(e, S()));
static assert(!hasUDA!(e, E));

@S() int f;
static assert(!hasUDA!(f, "alpha"));
static assert(hasUDA!(f, S));
static assert(hasUDA!(f, S()));
static assert(!hasUDA!(f, E));

@(S, E, "alpha") int g;
static assert(hasUDA!(g, "alpha"));
static assert(hasUDA!(g, S));
static assert(hasUDA!(g, E));

@(100) int h;
static assert(hasUDA!(h, 100));

struct Named { string name; }

@Named("abc") int i;
static assert(hasUDA!(i, Named));
static assert(hasUDA!(i, Named("abc")));
static assert(!hasUDA!(i, Named("def")));

struct AttrT(T)
{
    string name;
    T value;
}

@AttrT!int("answer", 42) int j;
static assert(hasUDA!(j, AttrT));
static assert(hasUDA!(j, AttrT!int));
static assert(!hasUDA!(j, AttrT!string));

@AttrT!string("hello", "world") int k;
static assert(hasUDA!(k, AttrT));
static assert(!hasUDA!(k, AttrT!int));
static assert(hasUDA!(k, AttrT!string));

struct FuncAttr(alias f) { alias func = f; }
static int fourtyTwo() { return 42; }
static size_t getLen(string s) { return s.length; }

@FuncAttr!getLen int l;
static assert(hasUDA!(l, FuncAttr));
static assert(!hasUDA!(l, FuncAttr!fourtyTwo));
static assert(hasUDA!(l, FuncAttr!getLen));
static assert(!hasUDA!(l, FuncAttr!fourtyTwo()));
static assert(!hasUDA!(l, FuncAttr!getLen()));

@FuncAttr!getLen() int m;
static assert(hasUDA!(m, FuncAttr));
static assert(!hasUDA!(m, FuncAttr!fourtyTwo));
static assert(hasUDA!(m, FuncAttr!getLen));
static assert(!hasUDA!(m, FuncAttr!fourtyTwo()));
static assert(hasUDA!(m, FuncAttr!getLen()));
template getUDAs(alias symbol, alias attribute)
Gets the matching user-defined attributes from the given symbol.
If the UDA is a type, then any UDAs of the same type on the symbol will match. If the UDA is a template for a type, then any UDA which is an instantiation of that template will match. And if the UDA is a value, then any UDAs on the symbol which are equal to that value will match.
See Also:
hasUDA
Examples: 
struct Attr
{
    string name;
    int value;
}

@Attr("Answer", 42) int a;
static assert(getUDAs!(a, Attr).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(a, Attr)[0].name == "Answer");
static assert(getUDAs!(a, Attr)[0].value == 42);

@(Attr("Answer", 42), "string", 9999) int b;
static assert(getUDAs!(b, Attr).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(b, Attr)[0].name == "Answer");
static assert(getUDAs!(b, Attr)[0].value == 42);

@Attr("Answer", 42) @Attr("Pi", 3) int c;
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr).length == 2);
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr)[0].name == "Answer");
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr)[0].value == 42);
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr)[1].name == "Pi");
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr)[1].value == 3);

static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr("Answer", 42)).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr("Answer", 42))[0].name == "Answer");
static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr("Answer", 42))[0].value == 42);

static assert(getUDAs!(c, Attr("Answer", 99)).length == 0);

struct AttrT(T)
{
    string name;
    T value;
}

@AttrT!uint("Answer", 42) @AttrT!int("Pi", 3) @AttrT int d;
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT).length == 2);
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT)[0].name == "Answer");
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT)[0].value == 42);
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT)[1].name == "Pi");
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT)[1].value == 3);

static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT!uint).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT!uint)[0].name == "Answer");
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT!uint)[0].value == 42);

static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT!int).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT!int)[0].name == "Pi");
static assert(getUDAs!(d, AttrT!int)[0].value == 3);

struct SimpleAttr {}

@SimpleAttr int e;
static assert(getUDAs!(e, SimpleAttr).length == 1);
static assert(is(getUDAs!(e, SimpleAttr)[0] == SimpleAttr));

@SimpleAttr() int f;
static assert(getUDAs!(f, SimpleAttr).length == 1);
static assert(is(typeof(getUDAs!(f, SimpleAttr)[0]) == SimpleAttr));

struct FuncAttr(alias f) { alias func = f; }
static int add42(int v) { return v + 42; }
static string concat(string l, string r) { return l ~ r; }

@FuncAttr!add42 int g;
static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr)[0].func(5) == 47);

static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr!add42).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr!add42)[0].func(5) == 47);

static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr!add42()).length == 0);

static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr!concat).length == 0);
static assert(getUDAs!(g, FuncAttr!concat()).length == 0);

@FuncAttr!add42() int h;
static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr)[0].func(5) == 47);

static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr!add42).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr!add42)[0].func(5) == 47);

static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr!add42()).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr!add42())[0].func(5) == 47);

static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr!concat).length == 0);
static assert(getUDAs!(h, FuncAttr!concat()).length == 0);

@("alpha") @(42) int i;
static assert(getUDAs!(i, "alpha").length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(i, "alpha")[0] == "alpha");

static assert(getUDAs!(i, 42).length == 1);
static assert(getUDAs!(i, 42)[0] == 42);

static assert(getUDAs!(i, 'c').length == 0);
template getSymbolsByUDA(alias symbol, alias attribute)
Parameters:
symbol The aggregate type to search
attribute The user-defined attribute to search for
Returns:
All symbols within symbol that have the given UDA attribute.

Note This is not recursive; it will not search for symbols within symbols such as nested structs or unions.

Examples: 
enum Attr;
struct A
{
    @Attr int a;
    int b;
}

static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(A, Attr).length == 1);
static assert(hasUDA!(getSymbolsByUDA!(A, Attr)[0], Attr));
Examples: 
enum Attr;

static struct A
{
    @Attr int a;
    int b;
    @Attr void doStuff() {}
    void doOtherStuff() {}
    static struct Inner
    {
        // Not found by getSymbolsByUDA
        @Attr int c;
    }
}

// Finds both variables and functions with the attribute, but
// doesn't include the variables and functions without it.
static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(A, Attr).length == 2);
// Can access attributes on the symbols returned by getSymbolsByUDA.
static assert(hasUDA!(getSymbolsByUDA!(A, Attr)[0], Attr));
static assert(hasUDA!(getSymbolsByUDA!(A, Attr)[1], Attr));
Examples:
Finds multiple attributes 
static struct UDA { string name; }

static struct B
{
    @UDA("X")
    int x;
    @UDA("Y")
    int y;
    @(100)
    int z;
}

// Finds both UDA attributes.
static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(B, UDA).length == 2);
// Finds one `100` attribute.
static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(B, 100).length == 1);
// Can get the value of the UDA from the return value
static assert(getUDAs!(getSymbolsByUDA!(B, UDA)[0], UDA)[0].name == "X");
Examples:
Checks for UDAs on the aggregate symbol itself 
static struct UDA { string name; }

@UDA("A")
static struct C
{
    @UDA("B")
    int d;
}

static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(C, UDA).length == 2);
static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(C, UDA)[0].stringof == "C");
static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(C, UDA)[1].stringof == "d");
Examples:
Finds nothing if there is no member with specific UDA 
static struct UDA { string name; }

static struct D
{
    int x;
}

static assert(getSymbolsByUDA!(D, UDA).length == 0);
template allSameType(T...)
Returns:
true iff all types T are the same.
Examples: 
static assert(allSameType!(int, int));
static assert(allSameType!(int, int, int));
static assert(allSameType!(float, float, float));
static assert(!allSameType!(int, double));
static assert(!allSameType!(int, float, double));
static assert(!allSameType!(int, float, double, real));
static assert(!allSameType!(short, int, float, double, real));
enum auto ifTestable(T, alias pred = (a) => a);
Returns:
true iff the type T can be tested in an if-expression, that is if if (pred(T.init)) {} is compilable.
template isType(X...) if (X.length == 1)
Detect whether X is a type. Analogous to is(X). This is useful when used in conjunction with other templates, e.g. allSatisfy!(isType, X).
Returns:
true if X is a type, false otherwise
Examples: 
struct S {
    template Test() {}
}
class C {}
interface I {}
union U {}
static assert(isType!int);
static assert(isType!string);
static assert(isType!(int[int]));
static assert(isType!S);
static assert(isType!C);
static assert(isType!I);
static assert(isType!U);

int n;
void func(){}
static assert(!isType!n);
static assert(!isType!func);
static assert(!isType!(S.Test));
static assert(!isType!(S.Test!()));
template isFunction(X...) if (X.length == 1)
Detect whether symbol or type X is a function. This is different that finding if a symbol is callable or satisfying is(X == function), it finds specifically if the symbol represents a normal function declaration, i.e. not a delegate or a function pointer.
Returns:
true if X is a function, false otherwise
See Also:
Use isFunctionPointer or isDelegate for detecting those types respectively.
Examples: 
static void func(){}
static assert(isFunction!func);

struct S
{
    void func(){}
}
static assert(isFunction!(S.func));
template isFinal(X...) if (X.length == 1)
Detect whether X is a final method or class.
Returns:
true if X is final, false otherwise
Examples: 
class C
{
    void nf() {}
    static void sf() {}
    final void ff() {}
}
final class FC { }

static assert(!isFinal!(C));
static assert( isFinal!(FC));

static assert(!isFinal!(C.nf));
static assert(!isFinal!(C.sf));
static assert( isFinal!(C.ff));
enum auto isCopyable(S);
Determines whether the type S can be copied. If a type cannot be copied, then code such as MyStruct x; auto y = x; will fail to compile. Copying for structs can be disabled by using @disable this(this).
Parameters:
S The type to check.
Returns:
true if S can be copied. false otherwise.
Examples: 
struct S1 {}                        // Fine. Can be copied
struct S2 {         this(this) {}}  // Fine. Can be copied
struct S3 {@disable this(this) {}}  // Not fine. Copying is disabled.
struct S4 {S3 s;}                   // Not fine. A field has copying disabled.

class C1 {}

static assert( isCopyable!S1);
static assert( isCopyable!S2);
static assert(!isCopyable!S3);
static assert(!isCopyable!S4);

static assert(isCopyable!C1);
static assert(isCopyable!int);
static assert(isCopyable!(int[]));