Improve this page Quickly fork, edit online, and submit a pull request for this page. Requires a signed-in GitHub account. This works well for small changes. If you'd like to make larger changes you may want to consider using local clone. Page wiki View or edit the community-maintained wiki page associated with this page.

std.bitmanip

Bit-level manipulation facilities.

License:

Boost License 1.0.

Authors:

Walter Bright, Andrei Alexandrescu, Jonathan M Davis, Alex Rønne Petersen, Damian Ziemba

Source: std/bitmanip.d

template bitfields(T...)

Allows creating bit fields inside structs and classes.

Example:

struct A
{
    int a;
    mixin(bitfields!(
        uint, "x",    2,
        int,  "y",    3,
        uint, "z",    2,
        bool, "flag", 1));
}
A obj;
obj.x = 2;
obj.z = obj.x;

The example above creates a bitfield pack of eight bits, which fit in one ubyte. The bitfields are allocated starting from the least significant bit, i.e. x occupies the two least significant bits of the bitfields storage.

The sum of all bit lengths in one bitfield instantiation must be exactly 8, 16, 32, or 64. If padding is needed, just allocate one bitfield with an empty name.

Example:

struct A
{
    mixin(bitfields!(
        bool, "flag1",    1,
        bool, "flag2",    1,
        uint, "",         6));
}

The type of a bit field can be any integral type or enumerated type. The most efficient type to store in bitfields is bool, followed by unsigned types, followed by signed types.

struct FloatRep;

Allows manipulating the fraction, exponent, and sign parts of a float separately. The definition is:

struct FloatRep
{
    union
    {
        float value;
        mixin(bitfields!(
                  uint,  "fraction", 23,
                  ubyte, "exponent",  8,
                  bool,  "sign",      1));
    }
    enum uint bias = 127, fractionBits = 23, exponentBits = 8, signBits = 1;
}

struct DoubleRep;

Allows manipulating the fraction, exponent, and sign parts of a double separately. The definition is:

struct DoubleRep
{
    union
    {
        double value;
        mixin(bitfields!(
                  ulong,   "fraction", 52,
                  ushort,  "exponent", 11,
                  bool,    "sign",      1));
    }
    enum uint bias = 1023, signBits = 1, fractionBits = 52, exponentBits = 11;
}

struct BitArray;

An array of bits.

const @property size_t dim();

Gets the amount of native words backing this BitArray.

const @property size_t length();

Gets the amount of bits in the BitArray.

@property size_t length(size_t newlen);

Sets the amount of bits in the BitArray.

const bool opIndex(size_t i);

Gets the i'th bit in the BitArray.

bool opIndexAssign(bool b, size_t i);

Sets the i'th bit in the BitArray.

const @property BitArray dup();

Duplicates the BitArray and its contents.

int opApply(scope int delegate(ref bool) dg); const int opApply(scope int delegate(bool) dg); int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t, ref bool) dg); const int opApply(scope int delegate(size_t, bool) dg);

Support for foreach loops for BitArray.

@property BitArray reverse();

Reverses the bits of the BitArray.

@property BitArray sort();

Sorts the BitArray's elements.

const bool opEquals(ref const BitArray a2);

Support for operators == and != for BitArray.

const int opCmp(BitArray a2);

Supports comparison operators for BitArray.

const pure nothrow size_t toHash();

Support for hashing for BitArray.

void init(bool[] ba);

Set this BitArray to the contents of ba.

void init(void[] v, size_t numbits);

Map the BitArray onto v, with numbits being the number of bits in the array. Does not copy the data. v.length must be a multiple of size_t.sizeof. If there are unmapped bits in the final mapped word then these will be set to 0.

This is the inverse of opCast.

void[] opCast(T : void[])();

Convert to void[].

size_t[] opCast(T : size_t[])();

Convert to size_t[].

BitArray opCom();

Support for unary operator ~ for BitArray.

BitArray opAnd(BitArray e2);

Support for binary operator & for BitArray.

const BitArray opOr(BitArray e2);

Support for binary operator | for BitArray.

const BitArray opXor(BitArray e2);

Support for binary operator ^ for BitArray.

const BitArray opSub(BitArray e2);

Support for binary operator - for BitArray.

a - b for BitArray means the same thing as a & ~b.

BitArray opAndAssign(BitArray e2);

Support for operator &= for BitArray.

BitArray opOrAssign(BitArray e2);

Support for operator |= for BitArray.

BitArray opXorAssign(BitArray e2);

Support for operator ^= for BitArray.

BitArray opSubAssign(BitArray e2);

Support for operator -= for BitArray.

a -= b for BitArray means the same thing as a &= ~b.

BitArray opCatAssign(bool b); BitArray opCatAssign(BitArray b);

Support for operator ~= for BitArray.

const BitArray opCat(bool b); const BitArray opCat_r(bool b); const BitArray opCat(BitArray b);

Support for binary operator ~ for BitArray.

const void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink, FormatSpec!char fmt);

Return a string representation of this BitArray.

Two format specifiers are supported:

%s which prints the bits as an array, and

%b which prints the bits as 8-bit byte packets

separated with an underscore.

Examples:

debug(bitarray) printf("BitArray.toString unittest\n");
BitArray b;
b.init([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);

auto s1 = format("%s", b);
assert(s1 == "[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]");

auto s2 = format("%b", b);
assert(s2 == "00001111_00001111");

@property auto bitsSet();

Return a lazy range of the indices of set bits.

Examples:

import std.algorithm : equal;

BitArray b1;
b1.init([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
assert(b1.bitsSet.equal([4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15]));

BitArray b2;
b2.length = 1000;
b2[333] = true;
b2[666] = true;
b2[999] = true;
assert(b2.bitsSet.equal([333, 666, 999]));

pure nothrow @safe T swapEndian(T)(T val) if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || isBoolean!T);

Swaps the endianness of the given integral value or character.

pure nothrow @safe auto nativeToBigEndian(T)(T val) if (canSwapEndianness!T);

Converts the given value from the native endianness to big endian and returns it as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the given type.

Returning a ubyte[n] helps prevent accidentally using a swapped value as a regular one (and in the case of floating point values, it's necessary, because the FPU will mess up any swapped floating point values. So, you can't actually have swapped floating point values as floating point values).

real is not supported, because its size is implementation-dependent and therefore could vary from machine to machine (which could make it unusable if you tried to transfer it to another machine).

Examples:

int i = 12345;
ubyte[4] swappedI = nativeToBigEndian(i);
assert(i == bigEndianToNative!int(swappedI));

double d = 123.45;
ubyte[8] swappedD = nativeToBigEndian(d);
assert(d == bigEndianToNative!double(swappedD));

pure nothrow @safe T bigEndianToNative(T, size_t n)(ubyte[n] val) if (canSwapEndianness!T && n == T.sizeof);

Converts the given value from big endian to the native endianness and returns it. The value is given as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the target type. You must give the target type as a template argument, because there are multiple types with the same size and so the type of the argument is not enough to determine the return type.

Taking a ubyte[n] helps prevent accidentally using a swapped value as a regular one (and in the case of floating point values, it's necessary, because the FPU will mess up any swapped floating point values. So, you can't actually have swapped floating point values as floating point values).

Examples:

ushort i = 12345;
ubyte[2] swappedI = nativeToBigEndian(i);
assert(i == bigEndianToNative!ushort(swappedI));

dchar c = 'D';
ubyte[4] swappedC = nativeToBigEndian(c);
assert(c == bigEndianToNative!dchar(swappedC));

pure nothrow @safe auto nativeToLittleEndian(T)(T val) if (canSwapEndianness!T);

Converts the given value from the native endianness to little endian and returns it as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the given type.

Examples:

int i = 12345;
ubyte[4] swappedI = nativeToLittleEndian(i);
assert(i == littleEndianToNative!int(swappedI));

double d = 123.45;
ubyte[8] swappedD = nativeToLittleEndian(d);
assert(d == littleEndianToNative!double(swappedD));

pure nothrow @safe T littleEndianToNative(T, size_t n)(ubyte[n] val) if (canSwapEndianness!T && n == T.sizeof);

Converts the given value from little endian to the native endianness and returns it. The value is given as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the target type. You must give the target type as a template argument, because there are multiple types with the same size and so the type of the argument is not enough to determine the return type.

real is not supported, because its size is implementation-dependent and therefore could vary from machine to machine (which could make it unusable if you tried to transfer it to another machine).

Examples:

ushort i = 12345;
ubyte[2] swappedI = nativeToLittleEndian(i);
assert(i == littleEndianToNative!ushort(swappedI));

dchar c = 'D';
ubyte[4] swappedC = nativeToLittleEndian(c);
assert(c == littleEndianToNative!dchar(swappedC));

T peek(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R range) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte))); T peek(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R range, size_t index) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte))); T peek(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R range, size_t* index) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte)));

Takes a range of ubytes and converts the first T.sizeof bytes to T. The value returned is converted from the given endianness to the native endianness. The range is not consumed.

Parameters:

T	The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
endianness	The endianness that the bytes are assumed to be in.
R range	The range to read from.
index	The index to start reading from (instead of starting at the front). If index is a pointer, then it is updated to the index after the bytes read. The overloads with index are only available if hasSlicing!R is true.

Examples:

ubyte[] buffer = [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8];
assert(buffer.peek!uint() == 17110537);
assert(buffer.peek!ushort() == 261);
assert(buffer.peek!ubyte() == 1);

assert(buffer.peek!uint(2) == 369700095);
assert(buffer.peek!ushort(2) == 5641);
assert(buffer.peek!ubyte(2) == 22);

size_t index = 0;
assert(buffer.peek!ushort(&index) == 261);
assert(index == 2);

assert(buffer.peek!uint(&index) == 369700095);
assert(index == 6);

assert(buffer.peek!ubyte(&index) == 8);
assert(index == 7);

T read(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(ref R range) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isInputRange!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte)));

Takes a range of ubytes and converts the first T.sizeof bytes to T. The value returned is converted from the given endianness to the native endianness. The T.sizeof bytes which are read are consumed from the range.

Parameters:

T	The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
endianness	The endianness that the bytes are assumed to be in.
R range	The range to read from.

Examples:

ubyte[] buffer = [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8];
assert(buffer.length == 7);

assert(buffer.read!ushort() == 261);
assert(buffer.length == 5);

assert(buffer.read!uint() == 369700095);
assert(buffer.length == 1);

assert(buffer.read!ubyte() == 8);
assert(buffer.empty);

void write(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R range, T value, size_t index) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : ubyte)); void write(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R range, T value, size_t* index) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : ubyte));

Takes an integral value, converts it to the given endianness, and writes it to the given range of ubytes as a sequence of T.sizeof ubytes starting at index. hasSlicing!R must be true.

Parameters:

T	The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
endianness	The endianness to write the bytes in.
R range	The range to write to.
size_t index	The index to start writing to. If index is a pointer, then it is updated to the index after the bytes read.

Examples:

{
    ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
    buffer.write!uint(29110231u, 0);
    assert(buffer == [1, 188, 47, 215, 0, 0, 0, 0]);

    buffer.write!ushort(927, 0);
    assert(buffer == [3, 159, 47, 215, 0, 0, 0, 0]);

    buffer.write!ubyte(42, 0);
    assert(buffer == [42, 159, 47, 215, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
}

{
    ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
    buffer.write!uint(142700095u, 2);
    assert(buffer == [0, 0, 8, 129, 110, 63, 0, 0, 0]);

    buffer.write!ushort(19839, 2);
    assert(buffer == [0, 0, 77, 127, 110, 63, 0, 0, 0]);

    buffer.write!ubyte(132, 2);
    assert(buffer == [0, 0, 132, 127, 110, 63, 0, 0, 0]);
}

{
    ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
    size_t index = 0;
    buffer.write!ushort(261, &index);
    assert(buffer == [1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
    assert(index == 2);

    buffer.write!uint(369700095u, &index);
    assert(buffer == [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 0, 0]);
    assert(index == 6);

    buffer.write!ubyte(8, &index);
    assert(buffer == [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8, 0]);
    assert(index == 7);
}

void append(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R range, T value) if (canSwapEndianness!T && isOutputRange!(R, ubyte));

Takes an integral value, converts it to the given endianness, and appends it to the given range of ubytes (using put) as a sequence of T.sizeof ubytes starting at index. hasSlicing!R must be true.

Parameters:

T	The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
endianness	The endianness to write the bytes in.
R range	The range to append to.

Examples:

auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();
buffer.append!ushort(261);
assert(buffer.data == [1, 5]);

buffer.append!uint(369700095u);
assert(buffer.data == [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255]);

buffer.append!ubyte(8);
assert(buffer.data == [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8]);

auto bitsSet(T)(T value) if (isIntegral!T);

Range that iterates the indices of the set bits in value. Index 0 corresponds to the least significant bit. For signed integers, the highest index corresponds to the sign bit.

Examples:

import std.algorithm : equal;

assert(bitsSet(1).equal([0]));
assert(bitsSet(5).equal([0, 2]));
assert(bitsSet(-1).equal(iota(32)));
assert(bitsSet(int.min).equal([31]));