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std.mathspecial
Mathematical Special Functions
The technical term 'Special Functions' includes several families of
transcendental functions, which have important applications in particular
branches of mathematics and physics.
The gamma and related functions, and the error function are crucial for
mathematical statistics.
The Bessel and related functions arise in problems involving wave propagation
(especially in optics).
Other major categories of special functions include the elliptic integrals
(related to the arc length of an ellipse), and the hypergeometric functions.
Status: Many more functions will be added to this module. The naming convention for the distribution functions (gammaIncomplete, etc) is not yet finalized and will probably change.
License:
Authors:
Stephen L. Moshier (original C code). Conversion to D by Don Clugston
Source: std/mathspecial.d
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real gamma(real x);
- The Gamma function, Γ(x)Γ(x) is a generalisation of the factorial function to real and complex numbers. Like x!, Γ(x+1) = x * Γ(x). Mathematically, if z.re > 0 then Γ(z) = ∫0∞ tz-1e-t dt
Special Values x Γ(x) NAN NAN ±0.0 ±∞ integer > 0 (x-1)! integer < 0 NAN +∞ +∞ -∞ NAN - pure nothrow @nogc @safe real logGamma(real x);
- Natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x)
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real sgnGamma(real x);
- The sign of Γ(x).Returns -1 if Γ(x) < 0, +1 if Γ(x) > 0, NAN if sign is indeterminate. Note that this function can be used in conjunction with logGamma(x) to evaluate gamma for very large values of x.
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real beta(real x, real y);
- Beta function
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real digamma(real x);
- Digamma functionThe digamma function is the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function. digamma(x) = d/dx logGamma(x)See Also:
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real logmdigamma(real x);
- Log Minus Digamma functionSee Also:
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real logmdigammaInverse(real x);
- Inverse of the Log Minus Digamma functionGiven y, the function finds x such log(x) - digamma(x) = y.See Also:
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real betaIncomplete(real a, real b, real x);
- Incomplete beta integralReturns incomplete beta integral of the arguments, evaluated from zero to x. The regularized incomplete beta function is defined as betaIncomplete(a, b, x) = Γ(a + b) / ( Γ(a) Γ(b) ) * ∫0x ta-1(1-t)b-1 dt and is the same as the the cumulative distribution function. The domain of definition is 0 <= x <= 1. In this implementation a and b are restricted to positive values. The integral from x to 1 may be obtained by the symmetry relation betaIncompleteCompl(a, b, x ) = betaIncomplete( b, a, 1-x ) The integral is evaluated by a continued fraction expansion or, when b * x is small, by a power series.
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real betaIncompleteInverse(real a, real b, real y);
- Inverse of incomplete beta integralGiven y, the function finds x such that betaIncomplete(a, b, x) == y Newton iterations or interval halving is used.
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real gammaIncomplete(real a, real x);
pure nothrow @nogc @safe real gammaIncompleteCompl(real a, real x); - Incomplete gamma integral and its complementThese functions are defined by gammaIncomplete = ( ∫0x e-t ta-1 dt )/ Γ(a) gammaIncompleteCompl(a,x) = 1 - gammaIncomplete(a,x) = (∫x∞ e-t ta-1 dt )/ Γ(a) In this implementation both arguments must be positive. The integral is evaluated by either a power series or continued fraction expansion, depending on the relative values of a and x.
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real gammaIncompleteComplInverse(real a, real p);
- Inverse of complemented incomplete gamma integralGiven a and p, the function finds x such that gammaIncompleteCompl( a, x ) = p.
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real erf(real x);
- Error function
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real erfc(real x);
- Complementary error function
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real normalDistribution(real x);
- Normal distribution function.The normal (or Gaussian, or bell-shaped) distribution is defined as: normalDist(x) = 1/√(2π) ∫-∞x exp( - t2/2) dt = 0.5 + 0.5 * erf(x/sqrt(2)) = 0.5 * erfc(- x/sqrt(2)) To maintain accuracy at values of x near 1.0, use normalDistribution(x) = 1.0 - normalDistribution(-x).
References: http://www.netlib.org/cephes/ldoubdoc.html, G. Marsaglia, "Evaluating the Normal Distribution", Journal of Statistical Software 11, (July 2004).
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe real normalDistributionInverse(real p);
- Inverse of Normal distribution functionReturns the argument, x, for which the area under the Normal probability density function (integrated from minus infinity to x) is equal to p.