std.algorithm.setops

auto cartesianProduct(R1, R2)(R1 range1, R2 range2) if (!allSatisfy!(isForwardRange, R1, R2) || anySatisfy!(isInfinite, R1, R2));
auto cartesianProduct(RR...)(RR ranges) if (ranges.length >= 2 && allSatisfy!(isForwardRange, RR) && !anySatisfy!(isInfinite, RR));
auto cartesianProduct(R1, R2, RR...)(R1 range1, R2 range2, RR otherRanges) if (!allSatisfy!(isForwardRange, R1, R2, RR) || anySatisfy!(isInfinite, R1, R2, RR));

Lazily computes the Cartesian product of two or more ranges. The product is a range of tuples of elements from each respective range.

The conditions for the two-range case are as follows:

If both ranges are finite, then one must be (at least) a forward range and the other an input range.

If one range is infinite and the other finite, then the finite range must be a forward range, and the infinite range can be an input range.

If both ranges are infinite, then both must be forward ranges.

When there are more than two ranges, the above conditions apply to each adjacent pair of ranges.

Parameters:

R1 range1	The first range
R2 range2	The second range
RR ranges	Two or more non-infinite forward ranges
RR otherRanges	Zero or more non-infinite forward ranges

Returns:

A forward range of std.typecons.Tuple representing elements of the cartesian product of the given ranges.

Examples:

import std.algorithm.searching : canFind;
import std.range;
import std.typecons : tuple;

auto N = sequence!"n"(0);         // the range of natural numbers
auto N2 = cartesianProduct(N, N); // the range of all pairs of natural numbers

// Various arbitrary number pairs can be found in the range in finite time.
assert(canFind(N2, tuple(0, 0)));
assert(canFind(N2, tuple(123, 321)));
assert(canFind(N2, tuple(11, 35)));
assert(canFind(N2, tuple(279, 172)));

Examples:

import std.algorithm.searching : canFind;
import std.typecons : tuple;

auto B = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
auto C = [ 4, 5, 6 ];
auto BC = cartesianProduct(B, C);

foreach (n; [[1, 4], [2, 4], [3, 4], [1, 5], [2, 5], [3, 5], [1, 6],
             [2, 6], [3, 6]])
{
    assert(canFind(BC, tuple(n[0], n[1])));
}

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
import std.typecons : tuple;

auto A = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
auto B = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ];
auto C = [ "x", "y", "z" ];
auto ABC = cartesianProduct(A, B, C);

assert(ABC.equal([
    tuple(1, 'a', "x"), tuple(1, 'a', "y"), tuple(1, 'a', "z"),
    tuple(1, 'b', "x"), tuple(1, 'b', "y"), tuple(1, 'b', "z"),
    tuple(1, 'c', "x"), tuple(1, 'c', "y"), tuple(1, 'c', "z"),
    tuple(2, 'a', "x"), tuple(2, 'a', "y"), tuple(2, 'a', "z"),
    tuple(2, 'b', "x"), tuple(2, 'b', "y"), tuple(2, 'b', "z"),
    tuple(2, 'c', "x"), tuple(2, 'c', "y"), tuple(2, 'c', "z"),
    tuple(3, 'a', "x"), tuple(3, 'a', "y"), tuple(3, 'a', "z"),
    tuple(3, 'b', "x"), tuple(3, 'b', "y"), tuple(3, 'b', "z"),
    tuple(3, 'c', "x"), tuple(3, 'c', "y"), tuple(3, 'c', "z")
]));

void largestPartialIntersection(alias less = "a < b", RangeOfRanges, Range)(RangeOfRanges ror, Range tgt, SortOutput sorted = SortOutput.no);

Given a range of sorted forward ranges ror, copies to tgt the elements that are common to most ranges, along with their number of occurrences. All ranges in ror are assumed to be sorted by less. Only the most frequent tgt.length elements are returned.

Parameters:

less	The predicate the ranges are sorted by.
RangeOfRanges ror	A range of forward ranges sorted by less.
Range tgt	The target range to copy common elements to.
SortOutput sorted	Whether the elements copied should be in sorted order.

Example:

// Figure which number can be found in most arrays of the set of
// arrays below.
double[][] a =
[
    [ 1, 4, 7, 8 ],
    [ 1, 7 ],
    [ 1, 7, 8],
    [ 4 ],
    [ 7 ],
];
auto b = new Tuple!(double, uint)[1];
largestPartialIntersection(a, b);
// First member is the item, second is the occurrence count
assert(b[0] == tuple(7.0, 4u));

7.0 is the correct answer because it occurs in 4 out of the 5 inputs, more than any other number. The second member of the resulting tuple is indeed 4 (recording the number of occurrences of 7.0). If more of the top-frequent numbers are needed, just create a larger tgt range. In the example above, creating b with length 2 yields tuple(1.0, 3u) in the second position.

The function largestPartialIntersection is useful for e.g. searching an inverted index for the documents most likely to contain some terms of interest. The complexity of the search is Ο(n * log(tgt.length)), where n is the sum of lengths of all input ranges. This approach is faster than keeping an associative array of the occurrences and then selecting its top items, and also requires less memory (largestPartialIntersection builds its result directly in tgt and requires no extra memory).

Warning: Because largestPartialIntersection does not allocate extra memory, it will leave ror modified. Namely, largestPartialIntersection assumes ownership of ror and discretionarily swaps and advances elements of it. If you want ror to preserve its contents after the call, you may want to pass a duplicate to largestPartialIntersection (and perhaps cache the duplicate in between calls).

void largestPartialIntersectionWeighted(alias less = "a < b", RangeOfRanges, Range, WeightsAA)(RangeOfRanges ror, Range tgt, WeightsAA weights, SortOutput sorted = SortOutput.no);

Similar to largestPartialIntersection, but associates a weight with each distinct element in the intersection.

Parameters:

less	The predicate the ranges are sorted by.
RangeOfRanges ror	A range of forward ranges sorted by less.
Range tgt	The target range to copy common elements to.
WeightsAA weights	An associative array mapping elements to weights.
SortOutput sorted	Whether the elements copied should be in sorted order.

Example:

// Figure which number can be found in most arrays of the set of
// arrays below, with specific per-element weights
double[][] a =
[
    [ 1, 4, 7, 8 ],
    [ 1, 7 ],
    [ 1, 7, 8],
    [ 4 ],
    [ 7 ],
];
auto b = new Tuple!(double, uint)[1];
double[double] weights = [ 1:1.2, 4:2.3, 7:1.1, 8:1.1 ];
largestPartialIntersectionWeighted(a, b, weights);
// First member is the item, second is the occurrence count
assert(b[0] == tuple(4.0, 2u));

The correct answer in this case is 4.0, which, although only appears two times, has a total weight 4.6 (three times its weight 2.3). The value 7 is weighted with 1.1 and occurs four times for a total weight 4.4.

struct NWayUnion(alias less, RangeOfRanges);

NWayUnion!(less, RangeOfRanges) nWayUnion(alias less = "a < b", RangeOfRanges)(RangeOfRanges ror);

Computes the union of multiple sets. The input sets are passed as a range of ranges and each is assumed to be sorted by less. Computation is done lazily, one union element at a time. The complexity of one popFront operation is Ο(log(ror.length)). However, the length of ror decreases as ranges in it are exhausted, so the complexity of a full pass through NWayUnion is dependent on the distribution of the lengths of ranges contained within ror. If all ranges have the same length n (worst case scenario), the complexity of a full pass through NWayUnion is Ο(n * ror.length * log(ror.length)), i.e., log(ror.length) times worse than just spanning all ranges in turn. The output comes sorted (unstably) by less.

Parameters:

less	Predicate the given ranges are sorted by.
RangeOfRanges ror	A range of ranges sorted by less to compute the union for.

Returns:

A range of the union of the ranges in ror.

Warning: Because NWayUnion does not allocate extra memory, it will leave ror modified. Namely, NWayUnion assumes ownership of ror and discretionarily swaps and advances elements of it. If you want ror to preserve its contents after the call, you may want to pass a duplicate to NWayUnion (and perhaps cache the duplicate in between calls).

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

double[][] a =
[
    [ 1, 4, 7, 8 ],
    [ 1, 7 ],
    [ 1, 7, 8],
    [ 4 ],
    [ 7 ],
];
auto witness = [
    1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8
];
assert(equal(nWayUnion(a), witness));

struct SetDifference(alias less = "a < b", R1, R2) if (isInputRange!R1 && isInputRange!R2);

SetDifference!(less, R1, R2) setDifference(alias less = "a < b", R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2);

Lazily computes the difference of r1 and r2. The two ranges are assumed to be sorted by less. The element types of the two ranges must have a common type.

Parameters:

less	Predicate the given ranges are sorted by.
R1 r1	The first range.
R2 r2	The range to subtract from r1.

Returns:

A range of the difference of r1 and r2.

See Also:

setSymmetricDifference

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

int[] a = [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 ];
int[] b = [ 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 ];
assert(equal(setDifference(a, b), [5, 9][]));
static assert(isForwardRange!(typeof(setDifference(a, b))));

struct SetIntersection(alias less = "a < b", Rs...) if (Rs.length >= 2 && allSatisfy!(isInputRange, Rs) && !is(CommonType!(staticMap!(ElementType, Rs)) == void));

SetIntersection!(less, Rs) setIntersection(alias less = "a < b", Rs...)(Rs ranges) if (Rs.length >= 2 && allSatisfy!(isInputRange, Rs) && !is(CommonType!(staticMap!(ElementType, Rs)) == void));

Lazily computes the intersection of two or more input ranges ranges. The ranges are assumed to be sorted by less. The element types of the ranges must have a common type.

Parameters:

less	Predicate the given ranges are sorted by.
Rs ranges	The ranges to compute the intersection for.

Returns:

A range containing the intersection of the given ranges.

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

int[] a = [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 ];
int[] b = [ 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 ];
int[] c = [ 0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 ];
assert(equal(setIntersection(a, a), a));
assert(equal(setIntersection(a, b), [1, 2, 4, 7]));
assert(equal(setIntersection(a, b, c), [1, 4, 7]));

struct SetSymmetricDifference(alias less = "a < b", R1, R2) if (isInputRange!R1 && isInputRange!R2);

SetSymmetricDifference!(less, R1, R2) setSymmetricDifference(alias less = "a < b", R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2);

Lazily computes the symmetric difference of r1 and r2, i.e. the elements that are present in exactly one of r1 and r2. The two ranges are assumed to be sorted by less, and the output is also sorted by less. The element types of the two ranges must have a common type.

If both arguments are ranges of L-values of the same type then SetSymmetricDifference will also be a range of L-values of that type.

Parameters:

less	Predicate the given ranges are sorted by.
R1 r1	The first range.
R2 r2	The second range.

Returns:

A range of the symmetric difference between r1 and r2.

See Also:

setDifference

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

int[] a = [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 ];
int[] b = [ 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 ];
assert(equal(setSymmetricDifference(a, b), [0, 5, 8, 9][]));
static assert(isForwardRange!(typeof(setSymmetricDifference(a, b))));

struct SetUnion(alias less = "a < b", Rs...) if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, Rs));

SetUnion!(less, Rs) setUnion(alias less = "a < b", Rs...)(Rs rs);

Lazily computes the union of two or more ranges rs. The ranges are assumed to be sorted by less. Elements in the output are not unique; the length of the output is the sum of the lengths of the inputs. (The length member is offered if all ranges also have length.) The element types of all ranges must have a common type.

Parameters:

less	Predicate the given ranges are sorted by.
Rs rs	The ranges to compute the union for.

Returns:

A range containing the union of the given ranges.

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

int[] a = [ 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 ];
int[] b = [ 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 ];
double[] c = [ 10.5 ];

static assert(isForwardRange!(typeof(setUnion(a, b))));
assert(setUnion(a, b).length == a.length + b.length);
assert(equal(setUnion(a, b), [0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9][]));
assert(equal(setUnion(a, c, b),
                [0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10.5][]));
auto u = setUnion(a, b);
u.front--;
assert(equal(u, [-1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9][]));