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Module `std.range.primitives`

This module is a submodule of std.range.

It provides basic range functionality by defining several templates for testing whether a given object is a range, and what kind of range it is:


`isInputRange`	Tests if something is an input range, defined to be something from which one can sequentially read data using the primitives `front`, `popFront`, and `empty`.
`isOutputRange`	Tests if something is an output range, defined to be something to which one can sequentially write data using the `put` primitive.
`isForwardRange`	Tests if something is a forward range, defined to be an input range with the additional capability that one can save one's current position with the `save` primitive, thus allowing one to iterate over the same range multiple times.
`isBidirectionalRange`	Tests if something is a bidirectional range, that is, a forward range that allows reverse traversal using the primitives `back` and `popBack`.
`isRandomAccessRange`	Tests if something is a random access range, which is a bidirectional range that also supports the array subscripting operation via the primitive `opIndex`.

It also provides number of templates that test for various range capabilities:


`hasMobileElements`	Tests if a given range's elements can be moved around using the primitives `moveFront`, `moveBack`, or `moveAt`.
`ElementType`	Returns the element type of a given range.
`ElementEncodingType`	Returns the encoding element type of a given range.
`hasSwappableElements`	Tests if a range is a forward range with swappable elements.
`hasAssignableElements`	Tests if a range is a forward range with mutable elements.
`hasLvalueElements`	Tests if a range is a forward range with elements that can be passed by reference and have their address taken.
`hasLength`	Tests if a given range has the `length` attribute.
`isInfinite`	Tests if a given range is an infinite range.
`hasSlicing`	Tests if a given range supports the array slicing operation `R[x .. y]`.

Finally, it includes some convenience functions for manipulating ranges:


`popFrontN`	Advances a given range by up to n elements.
`popBackN`	Advances a given bidirectional range from the right by up to n elements.
`popFrontExactly`	Advances a given range by up exactly n elements.
`popBackExactly`	Advances a given bidirectional range from the right by exactly n elements.
`moveFront`	Removes the front element of a range.
`moveBack`	Removes the back element of a bidirectional range.
`moveAt`	Removes the i'th element of a random-access range.
`walkLength`	Computes the length of any range in O(n) time.
`put`	Outputs element `e` to a range.

Functions

Name	Description
`back(a)`	Implements the range interface primitive `back` for built-in arrays. Due to the fact that nonmember functions can be called with the first argument using the dot notation, `array.back` is equivalent to `back(array)`. For narrow strings, `back` automatically returns the last code point as a `dchar`.
`empty(a)`	Implements the range interface primitive `empty` for types that obey `hasLength` property and for narrow strings. Due to the fact that nonmember functions can be called with the first argument using the dot notation, `a.empty` is equivalent to `empty(a)`.
`front(a)`	Implements the range interface primitive `front` for built-in arrays. Due to the fact that nonmember functions can be called with the first argument using the dot notation, `array.front` is equivalent to `front(array)`. For narrow strings, `front` automatically returns the first code point as a `dchar`.
`moveAt(r, i)`	Moves element at index `i` of `r` out and returns it. Leaves `r[i]` in a destroyable state that does not allocate any resources (usually equal to its `.init` value).
`moveBack(r)`	Moves the back of `r` out and returns it. Leaves `r.back` in a destroyable state that does not allocate any resources (usually equal to its `.init` value).
`moveFront(r)`	Moves the front of `r` out and returns it. Leaves `r.front` in a destroyable state that does not allocate any resources (usually equal to its `.init` value).
`popBack(a)`	Implements the range interface primitive `popBack` for built-in arrays. Due to the fact that nonmember functions can be called with the first argument using the dot notation, `array.popBack` is equivalent to `popBack(array)`. For narrow strings, `popFront` automatically eliminates the last code point.
`popBackExactly(r, n)`	Eagerly advances `r` itself (not a copy) exactly `n` times (by calling `r.popFront`). `popFrontExactly` takes `r` by `ref`, so it mutates the original range. Completes in Ο(`1`) steps for ranges that support slicing, and have either length or are infinite. Completes in Ο(`n`) time for all other ranges.
`popBackN(r, n)`	`popFrontN` eagerly advances `r` itself (not a copy) up to `n` times (by calling `r.popFront`). `popFrontN` takes `r` by `ref`, so it mutates the original range. Completes in Ο(`1`) steps for ranges that support slicing and have length. Completes in Ο(`n`) time for all other ranges.
`popFront(a)`	Implements the range interface primitive `popFront` for built-in arrays. Due to the fact that nonmember functions can be called with the first argument using the dot notation, `array.popFront` is equivalent to `popFront(array)`. For narrow strings, `popFront` automatically advances to the next code point.
`popFrontExactly(r, n)`	Eagerly advances `r` itself (not a copy) exactly `n` times (by calling `r.popFront`). `popFrontExactly` takes `r` by `ref`, so it mutates the original range. Completes in Ο(`1`) steps for ranges that support slicing, and have either length or are infinite. Completes in Ο(`n`) time for all other ranges.
`popFrontN(r, n)`	`popFrontN` eagerly advances `r` itself (not a copy) up to `n` times (by calling `r.popFront`). `popFrontN` takes `r` by `ref`, so it mutates the original range. Completes in Ο(`1`) steps for ranges that support slicing and have length. Completes in Ο(`n`) time for all other ranges.
`put(r, e)`	Outputs `e` to `r`. The exact effect is dependent upon the two types. Several cases are accepted, as described below. The code snippets are attempted in order, and the first to compile "wins" and gets evaluated.
`save(a)`	Implements the range interface primitive `save` for built-in arrays. Due to the fact that nonmember functions can be called with the first argument using the dot notation, `array.save` is equivalent to `save(array)`. The function does not duplicate the content of the array, it simply returns its argument.
`walkLength(range)`	This is a best-effort implementation of `length` for any kind of range.

Manifest constants

Name	Type	Description
`hasAssignableElements`		Returns `true` if `R` is an input range and has mutable elements. The following code should compile for any range with assignable elements.
`hasLength`		Yields `true` if `R` has a `length` member that returns a value of `size_t` type. `R` does not have to be a range. If `R` is a range, algorithms in the standard library are only guaranteed to support `length` with type `size_t`.
`hasLvalueElements`		Tests whether the range `R` has lvalue elements. These are defined as elements that can be passed by reference and have their address taken. The following code should compile for any range with lvalue elements.
`hasMobileElements`		Returns `true` iff `R` is an input range that supports the `moveFront` primitive, as well as `moveBack` and `moveAt` if it's a bidirectional or random access range. These may be explicitly implemented, or may work via the default behavior of the module level functions `moveFront` and friends. The following code should compile for any range with mobile elements.
`hasSlicing`		Returns `true` if `R` offers a slicing operator with integral boundaries that returns a forward range type.
`hasSwappableElements`		Returns `true` if `R` is an input range and has swappable elements. The following code should compile for any range with swappable elements.
`isBidirectionalRange`		Returns `true` if `R` is a bidirectional range. A bidirectional range is a forward range that also offers the primitives `back` and `popBack`. The following code should compile for any bidirectional range.
`isForwardRange`		Returns `true` if `R` is a forward range. A forward range is an input range `r` that can save "checkpoints" by saving `r.save` to another value of type `R`. Notable examples of input ranges that are not forward ranges are file/socket ranges; copying such a range will not save the position in the stream, and they most likely reuse an internal buffer as the entire stream does not sit in memory. Subsequently, advancing either the original or the copy will advance the stream, so the copies are not independent.
`isInfinite`		Returns `true` if `R` is an infinite input range. An infinite input range is an input range that has a statically-defined enumerated member called `empty` that is always `false`, for example:
`isInputRange`		Returns `true` if `R` is an input range. An input range must define the primitives `empty`, `popFront`, and `front`. The following code should compile for any input range.
`isOutputRange`		Returns `true` if `R` is an output range for elements of type `E`. An output range is defined functionally as a range that supports the operation `put(r, e)` as defined above.
`isRandomAccessRange`		Returns `true` if `R` is a random-access range. A random-access range is a bidirectional range that also offers the primitive `opIndex`, OR an infinite forward range that offers `opIndex`. In either case, the range must either offer `length` or be infinite. The following code should compile for any random-access range.

Aliases

Name	Type	Description
`ElementEncodingType`	`E`	The encoding element type of `R`. For narrow strings (`char[]`, `wchar[]` and their qualified variants including `string` and `wstring`), `ElementEncodingType` is the character type of the string. For all other types, `ElementEncodingType` is the same as `ElementType`.
`ElementType`	`T`	The element type of `R`. `R` does not have to be a range. The element type is determined as the type yielded by `r.front` for an object `r` of type `R`. For example, `ElementType!(T[])` is `T` if `T[]` isn't a narrow string; if it is, the element type is `dchar`. If `R` doesn't have `front`, `ElementType!R` is `void`.

Authors

Andrei Alexandrescu, David Simcha, and Jonathan M Davis. Credit for some of the ideas in building this module goes to Leonardo Maffi.

License

Boost License 1.0.