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Module `std.math`

Contains the elementary mathematical functions (powers, roots, and trigonometric functions), and low-level floating-point operations. Mathematical special functions are available in std.mathspecial.


Category	Members
Constants	`E` `PI` `PI_2` `PI_4` `M_1_PI` `M_2_PI` `M_2_SQRTPI` `LN10` `LN2` `LOG2` `LOG2E` `LOG2T` `LOG10E` `SQRT2` `SQRT1_2`
Classics	`abs` `fabs` `sqrt` `cbrt` `hypot` `poly` `nextPow2` `truncPow2`
Trigonometry	`sin` `cos` `tan` `asin` `acos` `atan` `atan2` `sinh` `cosh` `tanh` `asinh` `acosh` `atanh`
Rounding	`ceil` `floor` `round` `lround` `trunc` `rint` `lrint` `nearbyint` `rndtol` `quantize`
Exponentiation & Logarithms	`pow` `exp` `exp2` `expm1` `ldexp` `frexp` `log` `log2` `log10` `logb` `ilogb` `log1p` `scalbn`
Modulus	`fmod` `modf` `remainder`
Floating-point operations	`approxEqual` `feqrel` `fdim` `fmax` `fmin` `fma` `isClose` `nextDown` `nextUp` `nextafter` `NaN` `getNaNPayload` `cmp`
Introspection	`isFinite` `isIdentical` `isInfinity` `isNaN` `isNormal` `isSubnormal` `signbit` `sgn` `copysign` `isPowerOf2`
Hardware Control	`IeeeFlags` `FloatingPointControl`

The functionality closely follows the IEEE754-2008 standard for floating-point arithmetic, including the use of camelCase names rather than C99-style lower case names. All of these functions behave correctly when presented with an infinity or NaN.

The following IEEE 'real' formats are currently supported:

64 bit Big-endian 'double' (eg PowerPC)
128 bit Big-endian 'quadruple' (eg SPARC)
64 bit Little-endian 'double' (eg x86-SSE2)
80 bit Little-endian, with implied bit 'real80' (eg x87, Itanium)
128 bit Little-endian 'quadruple' (not implemented on any known processor!)
Non-IEEE 128 bit Big-endian 'doubledouble' (eg PowerPC) has partial support

Unlike C, there is no global 'errno' variable. Consequently, almost all of these functions are pure nothrow.

Functions

Name	Description
`abs(x)`	Calculates the absolute value of a number.
`acos(x)`	Calculates the arc cosine of x, returning a value ranging from 0 to π.
`acosh(x)`	Calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
`approxEqual(value, reference, maxRelDiff, maxAbsDiff)`	Computes whether a values is approximately equal to a reference value, admitting a maximum relative difference, and a maximum absolute difference.
`asin(x)`	Calculates the arc sine of x, returning a value ranging from -π/2 to π/2.
`asinh(x)`	Calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
`atan(x)`	Calculates the arc tangent of x, returning a value ranging from -π/2 to π/2.
`atan2(y, x)`	Calculates the arc tangent of y / x, returning a value ranging from -π to π.
`atanh(x)`	Calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x, returning a value from ranging from -1 to 1.
`cbrt(x)`	Calculates the cube root of x.
`ceil(x)`	Returns the value of x rounded upward to the next integer (toward positive infinity).
`cmp(x, y)`	Defines a total order on all floating-point numbers.
`copysign(to, from)`
`cos(x)`	Returns cosine of x. x is in radians.
`cosh(x)`	Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of x.
`exp(x)`	Calculates e^x.
`exp2(x)`	Calculates 2^x.
`expm1(x)`	Calculates the value of the natural logarithm base (e) raised to the power of x, minus 1.
`fabs(x)`	Returns \|x\|
`fdim(x, y)`	Returns the positive difference between x and y.
`feqrel(x, y)`	To what precision is x equal to y?
`floor(x)`	Returns the value of x rounded downward to the next integer (toward negative infinity).
`fma(x, y, z)`	Returns (x * y) + z, rounding only once according to the current rounding mode.
`fmax(x, y)`	Returns the larger of x and y.
`fmin(x, y)`	Returns the smaller of x and y.
`fmod(x, y)`	Calculates the remainder from the calculation x/y.
`frexp(value, exp)`	Separate floating point value into significand and exponent.
`getNaNPayload(x)`	Extract an integral payload from a NAN.
`hypot(x, y)`	Calculates the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with sides of length x and y. The hypotenuse is the value of the square root of the sums of the squares of x and y:
`ieeeFlags()`
`ilogb(x)`	Extracts the exponent of x as a signed integral value.
`isClose(lhs, rhs, maxRelDiff, maxAbsDiff)`	Computes whether two values are approximately equal, admitting a maximum relative difference, and a maximum absolute difference.
`isFinite(x)`	Determines if x is finite.
`isIdentical(x, y)`	Is the binary representation of x identical to y?
`isInfinity(x)`	Determines if x is ±∞.
`isNaN(x)`	Determines if x is NaN.
`isNormal(x)`	Determines if x is normalized.
`isPowerOf2(x)`	Check whether a number is an integer power of two.
`isSubnormal(x)`	Determines if x is subnormal.
`ldexp(n, exp)`	Compute n * 2^exp
`log(x)`	Calculate the natural logarithm of x.
`log10(x)`	Calculate the base-10 logarithm of x.
`log1p(x)`	Calculates the natural logarithm of 1 + x.
`log2(x)`	Calculates the base-2 logarithm of x: log₂x
`logb(x)`	Extracts the exponent of x as a signed integral value.
`lrint(x)`	Rounds x to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding mode.
`lround(x)`	Return the value of x rounded to the nearest integer.
`modf(x, i)`	Breaks x into an integral part and a fractional part, each of which has the same sign as x. The integral part is stored in i.
`NaN(payload)`	Create a quiet NAN, storing an integer inside the payload.
`nearbyint(x)`	Rounds x to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding mode.
`nextafter(x, y)`	Calculates the next representable value after x in the direction of y.
`nextDown(x)`	Calculate the next smallest floating point value before x.
`nextPow2(val)`	Gives the next power of two after `val`. `T` can be any built-in numerical type.
`nextUp(x)`	Calculate the next largest floating point value after x.
`poly(x, A)`	Evaluate polynomial A(x) = a₀ + a₁x + a₂x² + a₃x³; ...
`pow(x, n)`	Compute the value of x ⁿ, where n is an integer
`pow(x, n)`	Compute the power of two integral numbers.
`pow(x, y)`	Computes integer to floating point powers.
`pow(x, y)`	Calculates x^y.
`powmod(x, n, m)`	Computes the value of a positive integer `x`, raised to the power `n`, modulo `m`.
`quantize(val, unit)`	Round `val` to a multiple of `unit`. `rfunc` specifies the rounding function to use; by default this is `rint`, which uses the current rounding mode.
`quantize(val, exp)`	Round `val` to a multiple of `pow(base, exp)`. `rfunc` specifies the rounding function to use; by default this is `rint`, which uses the current rounding mode.
`remainder(x, y)`	Calculate the remainder x REM y, following IEC 60559.
`remquo(x, y, n)`	Calculate the remainder x REM y, following IEC 60559.
`resetIeeeFlags()`	Set all of the floating-point status flags to false.
`rint(x)`	Rounds x to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding mode.
`rndtol(x)`	Returns x rounded to a long value using the current rounding mode. If the integer value of x is greater than long.max, the result is indeterminate.
`rndtonl(x)`	Deprecated. Please use `round` instead.
`round(x)`	Return the value of x rounded to the nearest integer. If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, the return value is rounded away from zero.
`scalbn(x, n)`	Efficiently calculates x * 2ⁿ.
`sgn(x)`	Returns `-1` if `x < 0`, `x` if `x == 0`, `1` if `x > 0`, and NAN if x==NAN.
`signbit(x)`	Return 1 if sign bit of e is set, 0 if not.
`sin(x)`	Returns sine of x. x is in radians.
`sinh(x)`	Calculates the hyperbolic sine of x.
`sqrt(x)`	Compute square root of x.
`tan(x)`	Returns tangent of x. x is in radians.
`tanh(x)`	Calculates the hyperbolic tangent of x.
`trunc(x)`	Returns the integer portion of x, dropping the fractional portion. This is also known as "chop" rounding. `pure` on all platforms.
`truncPow2(val)`	Gives the last power of two before `val`. <> can be any built-in numerical type.

Structs

Name	Description
`FloatingPointControl`	Control the Floating point hardware
`IeeeFlags`	IEEE exception status flags ('sticky bits')

Manifest constants

Name	Type	Description
`E`		e = 2.718281...
`LN10`		ln 10 = 2.302585...
`LN2`		ln 2 = 0.693147...
`LOG10E`		log₁₀e = 0.434294...
`LOG2`		log₁₀2 = 0.301029...
`LOG2E`		log₂e = 1.442695...
`LOG2T`		log₂10 = 3.321928...
`M_1_PI`		1 / π = 0.318309...
`M_2_PI`		2 / π = 0.636619...
`M_2_SQRTPI`		2 / √π = 1.128379...
`PI`		π = 3.141592...
`PI_2`		π / 2 = 1.570796...
`PI_4`		π / 4 = 0.785398...
`SQRT1_2`		√½ = 0.707106...
`SQRT2`		√2 = 1.414213...

Aliases

Name	Type	Description
`FP_ILOGB0`	`core.stdc.math.FP_ILOGB0`	Special return values of `ilogb`.
`FP_ILOGBNAN`	`core.stdc.math.FP_ILOGBNAN`	Special return values of `ilogb`.

Authors

Walter Bright, Don Clugston, Conversion of CEPHES math library to D by Iain Buclaw and David Nadlinger

License

Boost License 1.0.