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D Grammar
Lexical Syntax
Refer to the page for lexical syntax.
Modules
Module: ModuleDeclaration DeclDefs DeclDefs DeclDefs: DeclDef DeclDef DeclDefs DeclDef: AttributeSpecifier Declaration Constructor Destructor Postblit Allocator Deallocator ClassInvariant StructInvariant UnitTest AliasThis StaticConstructor StaticDestructor SharedStaticConstructor SharedStaticDestructor ConditionalDeclaration DebugSpecification VersionSpecification StaticAssert TemplateDeclaration TemplateMixinDeclaration TemplateMixin MixinDeclaration ;
ModuleDeclaration: ModuleAttributesopt module ModuleFullyQualifiedName ; ModuleAttributes: ModuleAttribute ModuleAttribute ModuleAttributes ModuleAttribute: DeprecatedAttribute UserDefinedAttribute ModuleFullyQualifiedName: ModuleName Packages . ModuleName ModuleName: Identifier Packages: PackageName Packages . PackageName PackageName: Identifier
ImportDeclaration: import ImportList ; static import ImportList ; ImportList: Import ImportBindings Import , ImportList Import: ModuleFullyQualifiedName ModuleAliasIdentifier = ModuleFullyQualifiedName ImportBindings: Import : ImportBindList ImportBindList: ImportBind ImportBind , ImportBindList ImportBind: Identifier Identifier = Identifier ModuleAliasIdentifier: Identifier
MixinDeclaration: mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;
Declarations
Declaration: FuncDeclaration VarDeclarations AliasDeclaration AggregateDeclaration EnumDeclaration ImportDeclaration ConditionalDeclaration StaticForeachDeclaration StaticAssert
VarDeclarations: StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarators ; AutoDeclaration Declarators: DeclaratorInitializer DeclaratorInitializer , DeclaratorIdentifierList DeclaratorInitializer: VarDeclarator VarDeclarator TemplateParametersopt = Initializer AltDeclarator AltDeclarator = Initializer DeclaratorIdentifierList: DeclaratorIdentifier DeclaratorIdentifier , DeclaratorIdentifierList DeclaratorIdentifier: VarDeclaratorIdentifier AltDeclaratorIdentifier VarDeclaratorIdentifier: Identifier Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer AltDeclaratorIdentifier: TypeSuffixes Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixesopt TypeSuffixes Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixesopt = Initializer TypeSuffixesopt Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixes TypeSuffixesopt Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixes = Initializer Declarator: VarDeclarator AltDeclarator VarDeclarator: TypeSuffixesopt Identifier AltDeclarator: TypeSuffixesopt Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixes TypeSuffixesopt ( AltDeclaratorInner ) TypeSuffixesopt ( AltDeclaratorInner ) AltFuncDeclaratorSuffix TypeSuffixesopt ( AltDeclaratorInner ) AltDeclaratorSuffixes AltDeclaratorInner: TypeSuffixesopt Identifier TypeSuffixesopt Identifier AltFuncDeclaratorSuffix AltDeclarator AltDeclaratorSuffixes: AltDeclaratorSuffix AltDeclaratorSuffix AltDeclaratorSuffixes AltDeclaratorSuffix: [ ] [ AssignExpression ] [ Type ] AltFuncDeclaratorSuffix: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
StorageClasses: StorageClass StorageClass StorageClasses StorageClass: LinkageAttribute AlignAttribute deprecated enum static extern abstract final override synchronized auto scope const immutable inout shared __gshared Property nothrow pure ref
Initializer: VoidInitializer NonVoidInitializer NonVoidInitializer: ExpInitializer ArrayInitializer StructInitializer ExpInitializer: AssignExpression ArrayInitializer: [ ArrayMemberInitializationsopt ] ArrayMemberInitializations: ArrayMemberInitialization ArrayMemberInitialization , ArrayMemberInitialization , ArrayMemberInitializations ArrayMemberInitialization: NonVoidInitializer AssignExpression : NonVoidInitializer StructInitializer: { StructMemberInitializersopt } StructMemberInitializers: StructMemberInitializer StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializers StructMemberInitializer: NonVoidInitializer Identifier : NonVoidInitializer
AutoDeclaration: StorageClasses AutoAssignments ; AutoAssignments: AutoAssignment AutoAssignments , AutoAssignment AutoAssignment: Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer
AliasDeclaration: alias StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarators ; alias StorageClassesopt BasicType FuncDeclarator ; alias AliasAssignments ; AliasAssignments: AliasAssignment AliasAssignments , AliasAssignment AliasAssignment: Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt Type Identifier TemplateParametersopt = FunctionLiteral Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt BasicType Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
VoidInitializer: void
Types
Type: TypeCtorsopt BasicType TypeSuffixesopt TypeCtors: TypeCtor TypeCtor TypeCtors TypeCtor: const immutable inout shared BasicType: FundamentalType . QualifiedIdentifier QualifiedIdentifier Typeof Typeof . QualifiedIdentifier TypeCtor ( Type ) Vector Traits MixinType Vector: __vector ( VectorBaseType ) VectorBaseType: Type FundamentalType: bool byte ubyte short ushort int uint long ulong cent ucent char wchar dchar float double real ifloat idouble ireal cfloat cdouble creal void TypeSuffixes: TypeSuffix TypeSuffixesopt TypeSuffix: * [ ] [ AssignExpression ] [ AssignExpression .. AssignExpression ] [ Type ] delegate Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt function Parameters FunctionAttributesopt QualifiedIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . QualifiedIdentifier TemplateInstance TemplateInstance . QualifiedIdentifier Identifier [ AssignExpression ] Identifier [ AssignExpression ]. QualifiedIdentifier
Typeof: typeof ( Expression ) typeof ( return )
MixinType: mixin ( ArgumentList )
Attributes
AttributeSpecifier: Attribute : Attribute DeclarationBlock Attribute: LinkageAttribute AlignAttribute DeprecatedAttribute VisibilityAttribute Pragma static extern abstract final override synchronized auto scope const immutable inout shared __gshared AtAttribute FunctionAttributeKwd ref return FunctionAttributeKwd: nothrow pure AtAttribute: @ disable @ nogc @ live Property @ safe @ system @ trusted UserDefinedAttribute Property: @ property DeclarationBlock: DeclDef { DeclDefsopt }
LinkageAttribute: extern ( LinkageType ) extern ( C++, QualifiedIdentifier ) extern ( C++, NamespaceList ) LinkageType: C C++ D Windows System Objective-C NamespaceList: ConditionalExpression ConditionalExpression, ConditionalExpression, NamespaceList
AlignAttribute: align align ( AssignExpression )
DeprecatedAttribute: deprecated deprecated ( AssignExpression )
VisibilityAttribute: private package package ( QualifiedIdentifier ) protected public export
UserDefinedAttribute: @ ( ArgumentList ) @ Identifier @ Identifier ( ArgumentListopt ) @ TemplateInstance @ TemplateInstance ( ArgumentListopt )
Pragmas
PragmaDeclaration: Pragma; Pragma DeclarationBlock PragmaStatement: Pragma; Pragma NoScopeStatement Pragma: pragma ( Identifier ) pragma ( Identifier , ArgumentList )
Expressions
Expression: CommaExpression CommaExpression: AssignExpression CommaExpression , AssignExpression
AssignExpression: ConditionalExpression ConditionalExpression = AssignExpression ConditionalExpression += AssignExpression ConditionalExpression -= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression *= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression /= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression %= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression &= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression |= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression ^= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression ~= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression <<= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression >>= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression >>>= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression ^^= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression: OrOrExpression OrOrExpression ? Expression : ConditionalExpression
OrOrExpression: AndAndExpression OrOrExpression || AndAndExpression
AndAndExpression: OrExpression AndAndExpression && OrExpression
OrExpression: XorExpression OrExpression | XorExpression
XorExpression: AndExpression XorExpression ^ AndExpression
AndExpression: CmpExpression AndExpression & CmpExpression
CmpExpression: ShiftExpression EqualExpression IdentityExpression RelExpression InExpression
EqualExpression: ShiftExpression == ShiftExpression ShiftExpression != ShiftExpression
IdentityExpression: ShiftExpression is ShiftExpression ShiftExpression !is ShiftExpression
RelExpression: ShiftExpression < ShiftExpression ShiftExpression <= ShiftExpression ShiftExpression > ShiftExpression ShiftExpression >= ShiftExpression
InExpression: ShiftExpression in ShiftExpression ShiftExpression !in ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression: AddExpression ShiftExpression << AddExpression ShiftExpression >> AddExpression ShiftExpression >>> AddExpression
AddExpression: MulExpression AddExpression + MulExpression AddExpression - MulExpression CatExpression
CatExpression: AddExpression ~ MulExpression
MulExpression: UnaryExpression MulExpression * UnaryExpression MulExpression / UnaryExpression MulExpression % UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression: & UnaryExpression ++ UnaryExpression -- UnaryExpression * UnaryExpression - UnaryExpression + UnaryExpression ! UnaryExpression ComplementExpression ( Type ) . Identifier ( Type ) . TemplateInstance DeleteExpression CastExpression PowExpression
ComplementExpression: ~ UnaryExpression
NewExpression: new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type [ AssignExpression ] new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type ( ArgumentListopt ) NewAnonClassExpression AllocatorArguments: ( ArgumentListopt ) ArgumentList: AssignExpression AssignExpression , AssignExpression , ArgumentList
DeleteExpression: delete UnaryExpression
CastExpression: cast ( Type ) UnaryExpression cast ( TypeCtorsopt ) UnaryExpression
PowExpression: PostfixExpression PostfixExpression ^^ UnaryExpression
PostfixExpression: PrimaryExpression PostfixExpression . Identifier PostfixExpression . TemplateInstance PostfixExpression . NewExpression PostfixExpression ++ PostfixExpression -- PostfixExpression ( ArgumentListopt ) TypeCtorsopt BasicType ( ArgumentListopt ) IndexExpression SliceExpression
IndexExpression: PostfixExpression [ ArgumentList ]
SliceExpression: PostfixExpression [ ] PostfixExpression [ Slice ,opt ] Slice: AssignExpression AssignExpression , Slice AssignExpression .. AssignExpression AssignExpression .. AssignExpression , Slice
PrimaryExpression: Identifier . Identifier TemplateInstance . TemplateInstance this super null true false $ IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral CharacterLiteral StringLiterals ArrayLiteral AssocArrayLiteral FunctionLiteral AssertExpression MixinExpression ImportExpression NewExpression FundamentalType . Identifier FundamentalType ( ArgumentListopt ) TypeCtor ( Type ) . Identifier TypeCtor ( Type ) ( ArgumentListopt ) Typeof TypeidExpression IsExpression ( Expression ) SpecialKeyword TraitsExpression
StringLiterals: StringLiteral StringLiterals StringLiteral
ArrayLiteral: [ ArgumentListopt ]
AssocArrayLiteral: [ KeyValuePairs ] KeyValuePairs: KeyValuePair KeyValuePair , KeyValuePairs KeyValuePair: KeyExpression : ValueExpression KeyExpression: AssignExpression ValueExpression: AssignExpression
FunctionLiteral: function refopt Typeopt ParameterWithAttributes opt FunctionLiteralBody2 delegate refopt Typeopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes opt FunctionLiteralBody2 refopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes FunctionLiteralBody2 FunctionLiteralBody Identifier => AssignExpression ParameterWithAttributes: Parameters FunctionAttributesopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionLiteralBody2: => AssignExpression FunctionLiteralBody FunctionLiteralBody: BlockStatement FunctionContractsopt BodyStatement
AssertExpression: assert ( AssertArguments ) AssertArguments: AssignExpression ,opt AssignExpression , AssignExpression ,opt
MixinExpression: mixin ( ArgumentList )
ImportExpression: import ( AssignExpression )
TypeidExpression: typeid ( Type ) typeid ( Expression )
IsExpression: is ( Type ) is ( Type : TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type == TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) is ( Type == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) is ( Type Identifier ) is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) TypeSpecialization: Type struct union class interface enum __vector function delegate super const immutable inout shared return __parameters module package
SpecialKeyword: __FILE__ __FILE_FULL_PATH__ __MODULE__ __LINE__ __FUNCTION__ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
Statements
Statement: ; NonEmptyStatement ScopeBlockStatement NoScopeNonEmptyStatement: NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement NoScopeStatement: ; NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement: NonEmptyStatement ScopeBlockStatement NonEmptyStatement: NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault CaseStatement CaseRangeStatement DefaultStatement NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault: LabeledStatement ExpressionStatement DeclarationStatement IfStatement WhileStatement DoStatement ForStatement ForeachStatement SwitchStatement FinalSwitchStatement ContinueStatement BreakStatement ReturnStatement GotoStatement WithStatement SynchronizedStatement TryStatement ScopeGuardStatement ThrowStatement AsmStatement MixinStatement ForeachRangeStatement PragmaStatement ConditionalStatement StaticForeachStatement StaticAssert TemplateMixin ImportDeclaration
ScopeStatement: NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement
ScopeBlockStatement: BlockStatement
LabeledStatement: Identifier : Identifier : NoScopeStatement Identifier : Statement
BlockStatement: { } { StatementList } StatementList: Statement Statement StatementList
ExpressionStatement: Expression ;
DeclarationStatement: StorageClassesopt Declaration
IfStatement: if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement else ElseStatement IfCondition: Expression auto Identifier = Expression TypeCtors Identifier = Expression TypeCtorsopt BasicType Declarator = Expression ThenStatement: ScopeStatement ElseStatement: ScopeStatement
WhileStatement: while ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement
DoStatement: do ScopeStatement while ( Expression ) ;
ForStatement: for ( Initialize Testopt ; Incrementopt ) ScopeStatement Initialize: ; NoScopeNonEmptyStatement Test: Expression Increment: Expression
AggregateForeach: Foreach ( ForeachTypeList ; ForeachAggregate ) ForeachStatement: AggregateForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement Foreach: foreach foreach_reverse ForeachTypeList: ForeachType ForeachType , ForeachTypeList ForeachType: ForeachTypeAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ForeachTypeAttributesopt Identifier ForeachTypeAttributesopt alias Identifier ForeachTypeAttributes ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttributesopt ForeachTypeAttribute: ref TypeCtor enum ForeachAggregate: Expression
RangeForeach: Foreach ( ForeachType ; LwrExpression .. UprExpression ) LwrExpression: Expression UprExpression: Expression ForeachRangeStatement: RangeForeach ScopeStatement
SwitchStatement: switch ( Expression ) ScopeStatement CaseStatement: case ArgumentList : ScopeStatementList CaseRangeStatement: case FirstExp : .. case LastExp : ScopeStatementList FirstExp: AssignExpression LastExp: AssignExpression DefaultStatement: default : ScopeStatementList ScopeStatementList: StatementListNoCaseNoDefault StatementListNoCaseNoDefault: StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementListNoCaseNoDefault StatementNoCaseNoDefault: ; NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault ScopeBlockStatement
FinalSwitchStatement: final switch ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
ContinueStatement: continue Identifieropt ;
BreakStatement: break Identifieropt ;
ReturnStatement: return Expressionopt ;
GotoStatement: goto Identifier ; goto default ; goto case ; goto case Expression ;
WithStatement: with ( Expression ) ScopeStatement with ( Symbol ) ScopeStatement with ( TemplateInstance ) ScopeStatement
SynchronizedStatement: synchronized ScopeStatement synchronized ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
TryStatement: try ScopeStatement Catches try ScopeStatement Catches FinallyStatement try ScopeStatement FinallyStatement Catches: Catch Catch Catches Catch: catch ( CatchParameter ) NoScopeNonEmptyStatement CatchParameter: BasicType Identifieropt FinallyStatement: finally NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
ThrowStatement: throw Expression ;
ScopeGuardStatement: scope(exit) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement scope(success) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement scope(failure) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
AsmStatement: asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt } AsmInstructionList: AsmInstruction ; AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList
PragmaStatement
MixinStatement: mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;
Structs and Unions
AggregateDeclaration: ClassDeclaration InterfaceDeclaration StructDeclaration UnionDeclaration StructDeclaration: struct Identifier ; struct Identifier AggregateBody StructTemplateDeclaration AnonStructDeclaration AnonStructDeclaration: struct AggregateBody UnionDeclaration: union Identifier ; union Identifier AggregateBody UnionTemplateDeclaration AnonUnionDeclaration AnonUnionDeclaration: union AggregateBody AggregateBody: { DeclDefsopt }
Postblit: this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
StructInvariant: invariant ( ) BlockStatement invariant BlockStatement invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;
Classes
ClassDeclaration: class Identifier ; class Identifier BaseClassListopt AggregateBody ClassTemplateDeclaration BaseClassList: : SuperClass : SuperClass , Interfaces : Interfaces SuperClass: BasicType Interfaces: Interface Interface , Interfaces Interface: BasicType
Constructor: this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody ConstructorTemplate
Destructor: ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
StaticConstructor: static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
StaticDestructor: static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
SharedStaticConstructor: shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
SharedStaticDestructor: shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ; shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
ClassInvariant: invariant ( ) BlockStatement invariant BlockStatement invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;
Allocator: new Parameters ; new Parameters FunctionBody
Deallocator: delete Parameters ; delete Parameters FunctionBody
AliasThis: alias Identifier this ;
NewAnonClassExpression: new AllocatorArgumentsopt class ConstructorArgsopt SuperClassopt Interfacesopt AggregateBody ConstructorArgs: ( ArgumentListopt )
class Identifier : SuperClass Interfaces AggregateBody // ... new AllocatorArguments Identifier ConstructorArgs
Interfaces
InterfaceDeclaration: interface Identifier ; interface Identifier BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody InterfaceTemplateDeclaration BaseInterfaceList: : Interfaces
Enums
EnumDeclaration: enum Identifier EnumBody enum Identifier : EnumBaseType EnumBody AnonymousEnumDeclaration EnumBaseType: Type EnumBody: { EnumMembers } ; EnumMembers: EnumMember EnumMember , EnumMember , EnumMembers EnumMemberAttributes: EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttributes EnumMemberAttribute: DeprecatedAttribute UserDefinedAttribute @disable EnumMember: EnumMemberAttributesopt Identifier EnumMemberAttributesopt Identifier = AssignExpression AnonymousEnumDeclaration: enum : EnumBaseType { EnumMembers } enum { EnumMembers } enum { AnonymousEnumMembers } AnonymousEnumMembers: AnonymousEnumMember AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMembers AnonymousEnumMember: EnumMember Type Identifier = AssignExpression
Functions
FuncDeclaration: StorageClassesopt BasicType FuncDeclarator FunctionBody AutoFuncDeclaration AutoFuncDeclaration: StorageClasses Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix FunctionBody FuncDeclarator: TypeSuffixesopt Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix FuncDeclaratorSuffix: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt
Parameters: ( ParameterListopt ) ParameterList: Parameter Parameter , ParameterList VariadicArgumentsAttributes ... Parameter: ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ... ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator = AssignExpression ParameterAttributesopt Type ParameterAttributesopt Type ... ParameterAttributes: InOut UserDefinedAttribute ParameterAttributes InOut ParameterAttributes UserDefinedAttribute ParameterAttributes InOut: auto TypeCtor final in lazy out ref return ref scope VariadicArgumentsAttributes: VariadicArgumentsAttribute VariadicArgumentsAttribute VariadicArgumentsAttributes VariadicArgumentsAttribute: const immutable return scope shared
FunctionAttributes: FunctionAttribute FunctionAttribute FunctionAttributes FunctionAttribute: FunctionAttributeKwd Property MemberFunctionAttributes: MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttributes MemberFunctionAttribute: const immutable inout return shared FunctionAttribute
FunctionBody: SpecifiedFunctionBody MissingFunctionBody ShortenedFunctionBody FunctionLiteralBody: SpecifiedFunctionBody SpecifiedFunctionBody: doopt BlockStatement FunctionContractsopt InOutContractExpression doopt BlockStatement FunctionContractsopt InOutStatement do BlockStatement MissingFunctionBody: ; FunctionContractsopt InOutContractExpression ; FunctionContractsopt InOutStatement ShortenedFunctionBody: => AssignExpression ;
FunctionContracts: FunctionContract FunctionContract FunctionContracts FunctionContract: InOutContractExpression InOutStatement InOutContractExpression: InContractExpression OutContractExpression InOutStatement: InStatement OutStatement InContractExpression: in ( AssertArguments ) OutContractExpression: out ( ; AssertArguments ) out ( Identifier ; AssertArguments ) InStatement: in BlockStatement OutStatement: out BlockStatement out ( Identifier ) BlockStatement
Templates
TemplateDeclaration: template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt } TemplateParameters: ( TemplateParameterListopt ) TemplateParameterList: TemplateParameter TemplateParameter , TemplateParameter , TemplateParameterList TemplateParameter: TemplateTypeParameter TemplateValueParameter TemplateAliasParameter TemplateSequenceParameter TemplateThisParameter
TemplateInstance: Identifier TemplateArguments TemplateArguments: ! ( TemplateArgumentListopt ) ! TemplateSingleArgument TemplateArgumentList: TemplateArgument TemplateArgument , TemplateArgument , TemplateArgumentList TemplateArgument: Type AssignExpression Symbol Symbol: SymbolTail . SymbolTail SymbolTail: Identifier Identifier . SymbolTail TemplateInstance TemplateInstance . SymbolTail TemplateSingleArgument: Identifier FundamentalType CharacterLiteral StringLiteral IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral true false null this SpecialKeyword
TemplateTypeParameter: Identifier Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization Identifier TemplateTypeParameterDefault Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization TemplateTypeParameterDefault TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization: : Type TemplateTypeParameterDefault: = Type
TemplateThisParameter: this TemplateTypeParameter
TemplateValueParameter: BasicType Declarator BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterDefault BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization TemplateValueParameterDefault TemplateValueParameterSpecialization: : ConditionalExpression TemplateValueParameterDefault: = AssignExpression = SpecialKeyword
TemplateAliasParameter: alias Identifier TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt alias BasicType Declarator TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization: : Type : ConditionalExpression TemplateAliasParameterDefault: = Type = ConditionalExpression
TemplateSequenceParameter: Identifier ...
ConstructorTemplate: this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt : this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt FunctionBody
ClassTemplateDeclaration: class Identifier TemplateParameters ; class Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseClassListopt AggregateBody class Identifier TemplateParameters BaseClassListopt Constraintopt AggregateBody InterfaceTemplateDeclaration: interface Identifier TemplateParameters ; interface Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody interface Identifier TemplateParameters BaseInterfaceList Constraint AggregateBody StructTemplateDeclaration: struct Identifier TemplateParameters ; struct Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody UnionTemplateDeclaration: union Identifier TemplateParameters ; union Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody
Constraint: if ( Expression )
Template Mixins
TemplateMixinDeclaration: mixin template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt } TemplateMixin: mixin MixinTemplateName TemplateArgumentsopt Identifieropt ; MixinTemplateName: . MixinQualifiedIdentifier MixinQualifiedIdentifier Typeof . MixinQualifiedIdentifier MixinQualifiedIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . MixinQualifiedIdentifier TemplateInstance . MixinQualifiedIdentifier
Conditional Compilation
ConditionalDeclaration: Condition DeclarationBlock Condition DeclarationBlock else DeclarationBlock Condition : DeclDefsopt Condition DeclarationBlock else : DeclDefsopt ConditionalStatement: Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement else NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Condition: VersionCondition DebugCondition StaticIfCondition
VersionCondition: version ( IntegerLiteral ) version ( Identifier ) version ( unittest ) version ( assert )
VersionSpecification: version = Identifier ; version = IntegerLiteral ;
DebugCondition: debug debug ( IntegerLiteral ) debug ( Identifier )
DebugSpecification: debug = Identifier ; debug = IntegerLiteral ;
StaticIfCondition: static if ( AssignExpression )
StaticForeach: static AggregateForeach static RangeForeach StaticForeachDeclaration: StaticForeach DeclarationBlock StaticForeach : DeclDefsopt StaticForeachStatement: StaticForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
StaticAssert: static assert ( AssertArguments );
Traits
TraitsExpression: __traits ( TraitsKeyword , TraitsArguments ) TraitsKeyword: isAbstractClass isArithmetic isAssociativeArray isFinalClass isPOD isNested isFuture isDeprecated isFloating isIntegral isScalar isStaticArray isUnsigned isDisabled isVirtualFunction isVirtualMethod isAbstractFunction isFinalFunction isStaticFunction isOverrideFunction isTemplate isRef isOut isLazy isReturnOnStack isZeroInit isModule isPackage hasMember hasCopyConstructor hasPostblit identifier getAliasThis getAttributes getFunctionAttributes getFunctionVariadicStyle getLinkage getLocation getMember getOverloads getParameterStorageClasses getPointerBitmap getCppNamespaces getVisibility getProtection getTargetInfo getVirtualFunctions getVirtualMethods getUnitTests parent child classInstanceSize getVirtualIndex allMembers derivedMembers isSame compiles toType TraitsArguments: TraitsArgument TraitsArgument , TraitsArguments TraitsArgument: AssignExpression Type
Unit Tests
UnitTest: unittest BlockStatement
D x86 Inline Assembler
AsmStatement: asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt } AsmInstructionList: AsmInstruction ; AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList
AsmInstruction: Identifier : AsmInstruction align IntegerExpression even naked db Operands ds Operands di Operands dl Operands df Operands dd Operands de Operands db StringLiteral ds StringLiteral di StringLiteral dl StringLiteral dw StringLiteral dq StringLiteral Opcode Opcode Operands Operands: Operand Operand , Operands
IntegerExpression: IntegerLiteral Identifier
Register: AL AH AX EAX BL BH BX EBX CL CH CX ECX DL DH DX EDX BP EBP SP ESP DI EDI SI ESI ES CS SS DS GS FS CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4 DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7 TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7 ST ST(0) ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7) MM0 MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6 MM7 XMM0 XMM1 XMM2 XMM3 XMM4 XMM5 XMM6 XMM7
Register64: RAX RBX RCX RDX BPL RBP SPL RSP DIL RDI SIL RSI R8B R8W R8D R8 R9B R9W R9D R9 R10B R10W R10D R10 R11B R11W R11D R11 R12B R12W R12D R12 R13B R13W R13D R13 R14B R14W R14D R14 R15B R15W R15D R15 XMM8 XMM9 XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15 YMM0 YMM1 YMM2 YMM3 YMM4 YMM5 YMM6 YMM7 YMM8 YMM9 YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15
Operand: AsmExp AsmExp: AsmLogOrExp AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp AsmLogOrExp: AsmLogAndExp AsmLogOrExp || AsmLogAndExp AsmLogAndExp: AsmOrExp AsmLogAndExp && AsmOrExp AsmOrExp: AsmXorExp AsmOrExp | AsmXorExp AsmXorExp: AsmAndExp AsmXorExp ^ AsmAndExp AsmAndExp: AsmEqualExp AsmAndExp & AsmEqualExp AsmEqualExp: AsmRelExp AsmEqualExp == AsmRelExp AsmEqualExp != AsmRelExp AsmRelExp: AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp < AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp <= AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp > AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp >= AsmShiftExp AsmShiftExp: AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp << AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp >> AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp >>> AsmAddExp AsmAddExp: AsmMulExp AsmAddExp + AsmMulExp AsmAddExp - AsmMulExp AsmMulExp: AsmBrExp AsmMulExp * AsmBrExp AsmMulExp / AsmBrExp AsmMulExp % AsmBrExp AsmBrExp: AsmUnaExp AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ] AsmUnaExp: AsmTypePrefix AsmExp offsetof AsmExp seg AsmExp + AsmUnaExp - AsmUnaExp ! AsmUnaExp ~ AsmUnaExp AsmPrimaryExp AsmPrimaryExp: IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral __LOCAL_SIZE $ Register Register : AsmExp Register64 Register64 : AsmExp DotIdentifier this DotIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . DotIdentifier FundamentalType . Identifier
AsmTypePrefix: near ptr far ptr word ptr dword ptr qword ptr FundamentalType ptr
Named Character Entities
NamedCharacterEntity: & Identifier ;
Application Binary Interface
MangledName: _D QualifiedName Type _D QualifiedName Z // Internal
QualifiedName: SymbolFunctionName SymbolFunctionName QualifiedName SymbolFunctionName: SymbolName SymbolName TypeFunctionNoReturn SymbolName M TypeModifiersopt TypeFunctionNoReturn
SymbolName: LName TemplateInstanceName IdentifierBackRef 0 // anonymous symbols
TemplateInstanceName: TemplateID LName TemplateArgs Z TemplateID: __T __U // for symbols declared inside template constraint TemplateArgs: TemplateArg TemplateArg TemplateArgs TemplateArg: TemplateArgX H TemplateArgX
TemplateArgX: T Type V Type Value S QualifiedName X Number ExternallyMangledName
Value: n i Number N Number e HexFloat c HexFloat c HexFloat CharWidth Number _ HexDigits A Number Value... S Number Value... f MangledName HexFloat: NAN INF NINF N HexDigits P Exponent HexDigits P Exponent Exponent: N Number Number HexDigits: HexDigit HexDigit HexDigits HexDigit: Digit A B C D E F CharWidth: a w d
Name: Namestart Namestart Namechars Namestart: _ Alpha Namechar: Namestart Digit Namechars: Namechar Namechar Namechars
LName: Number Name Number: Digit Digit Number Digit: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TypeBackRef: Q NumberBackRef IdentifierBackRef: Q NumberBackRef NumberBackRef: lower-case-letter upper-case-letter NumberBackRef
Type: TypeModifiersopt TypeX TypeBackRef TypeX: TypeArray TypeStaticArray TypeAssocArray TypePointer TypeFunction TypeIdent TypeClass TypeStruct TypeEnum TypeTypedef TypeDelegate TypeVoid TypeByte TypeUbyte TypeShort TypeUshort TypeInt TypeUint TypeLong TypeUlong TypeCent TypeUcent TypeFloat TypeDouble TypeReal TypeIfloat TypeIdouble TypeIreal TypeCfloat TypeCdouble TypeCreal TypeBool TypeChar TypeWchar TypeDchar TypeNull TypeTuple TypeVector TypeModifiers: Const Wild Wild Const Shared Shared Const Shared Wild Shared Wild Const Immutable Shared: O Const: x Immutable: y Wild: Ng TypeArray: A Type TypeStaticArray: G Number Type TypeAssocArray: H Type Type TypePointer: P Type TypeVector: Nh Type TypeFunction: TypeFunctionNoReturn Type TypeFunctionNoReturn: CallConvention FuncAttrsopt Parametersopt ParamClose CallConvention: F // D U // C W // Windows R // C++ Y // Objective-C FuncAttrs: FuncAttr FuncAttr FuncAttrs FuncAttr: FuncAttrPure FuncAttrNothrow FuncAttrRef FuncAttrProperty FuncAttrNogc FuncAttrReturn FuncAttrScope FuncAttrTrusted FuncAttrSafe FuncAttrLive
FuncAttrPure: Na FuncAttrNogc: Ni FuncAttrNothrow: Nb FuncAttrProperty: Nd FuncAttrRef: Nc FuncAttrReturn: Nj FuncAttrScope: Nl FuncAttrTrusted: Ne FuncAttrSafe: Nf FuncAttrLive: Nm Parameters: Parameter Parameter Parameters Parameter: Parameter2 M Parameter2 // scope Nk Parameter2 // return Parameter2: Type I Type // in J Type // out K Type // ref L Type // lazy ParamClose X // variadic T t...) style Y // variadic T t,...) style Z // not variadic TypeIdent: I QualifiedName TypeClass: C QualifiedName TypeStruct: S QualifiedName TypeEnum: E QualifiedName TypeTypedef: T QualifiedName TypeDelegate: D TypeModifiersopt TypeFunction TypeVoid: v TypeByte: g TypeUbyte: h TypeShort: s TypeUshort: t TypeInt: i TypeUint: k TypeLong: l TypeUlong: m TypeCent: zi TypeUcent: zk TypeFloat: f TypeDouble: d TypeReal: e TypeIfloat: o TypeIdouble: p TypeIreal: j TypeCfloat: q TypeCdouble: r TypeCreal: c TypeBool: b TypeChar: a TypeWchar: u TypeDchar: w TypeNull: n TypeTuple: B Parameters Z
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