D Programming Language
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D Grammar
Lexical Syntax
Refer to the page for lexical syntax.
Type
Type:
TypeCtorsopt BasicType
TypeCtorsopt BasicType Declarator2
BasicType:
BasicTypeX
. IdentifierList
IdentifierList
Typeof
Typeof . IdentifierList
TypeCtor ( Type )
BasicTypeX:
bool
byte
ubyte
short
ushort
int
uint
long
ulong
char
wchar
dchar
float
double
real
ifloat
idouble
ireal
cfloat
cdouble
creal
void
BasicType2:
*
[ ]
[ AssignExpression ]
[ AssignExpression .. AssignExpression ]
[ Type ]
delegate Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
function Parameters FunctionAttributesopt
IdentifierList:
Identifier
Identifier . IdentifierList
TemplateInstance
TemplateInstance . IdentifierList
TypeCtors:
TypeCtor
TypeCtor TypeCtors
TypeCtor:
const
immutable
inout
shared
Typeof:
typeof ( Expression )
typeof ( return )
Expression
Expression:
CommaExpression
CommaExpression:
AssignExpression
AssignExpression , CommaExpression
AssignExpression:
ConditionalExpression
ConditionalExpression = AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression += AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression -= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression *= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression /= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression %= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression &= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression |= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression ^= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression ~= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression <<= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression >>= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression >>>= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression ^^= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression:
OrOrExpression
OrOrExpression ? Expression : ConditionalExpression
OrOrExpression:
AndAndExpression
OrOrExpression || AndAndExpression
AndAndExpression:
OrExpression
AndAndExpression && OrExpression
CmpExpression
AndAndExpression && CmpExpression
OrExpression:
XorExpression
OrExpression | XorExpression
XorExpression:
AndExpression
XorExpression ^ AndExpression
AndExpression:
ShiftExpression
AndExpression & ShiftExpression
CmpExpression:
ShiftExpression
EqualExpression
IdentityExpression
RelExpression
InExpression
EqualExpression:
ShiftExpression == ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression != ShiftExpression
IdentityExpression:
ShiftExpression is ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !is ShiftExpression
RelExpression:
ShiftExpression < ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression <= ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression > ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression >= ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !<>= ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !<> ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression <> ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression <>= ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !> ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !>= ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !< ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !<= ShiftExpression
InExpression:
ShiftExpression in ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression !in ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression:
AddExpression
ShiftExpression << AddExpression
ShiftExpression >> AddExpression
ShiftExpression >>> AddExpression
AddExpression:
MulExpression
AddExpression + MulExpression
AddExpression - MulExpression
CatExpression
CatExpression:
AddExpression ~ MulExpression
MulExpression:
UnaryExpression
MulExpression * UnaryExpression
MulExpression / UnaryExpression
MulExpression % UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression:
& UnaryExpression
++ UnaryExpression
-- UnaryExpression
* UnaryExpression
- UnaryExpression
+ UnaryExpression
! UnaryExpression
ComplementExpression
( Type ) . Identifier
( Type ) . TemplateInstance
DeleteExpression
CastExpression
PowExpression
ComplementExpression:
~ UnaryExpression
NewExpression:
new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type
NewExpressionWithArgs
NewExpressionWithArgs:
new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type [ AssignExpression ]
new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type ( ArgumentListopt )
NewAnonClassExpression
AllocatorArguments:
( ArgumentListopt )
ArgumentList:
AssignExpression
AssignExpression ,
AssignExpression , ArgumentList
NewAnonClassExpression:
new AllocatorArgumentsopt class ClassArgumentsopt SuperClassopt Interfacesopt AggregateBody
ClassArguments:
( ArgumentListopt )
DeleteExpression:
delete UnaryExpression
CastExpression:
cast ( Type ) UnaryExpression
cast ( TypeCtorsopt ) UnaryExpression
PowExpression:
PostfixExpression
PostfixExpression ^^ UnaryExpression
PostfixExpression:
PrimaryExpression
PostfixExpression . Identifier
PostfixExpression . TemplateInstance
PostfixExpression . NewExpression
PostfixExpression ++
PostfixExpression --
PostfixExpression ( ArgumentListopt )
TypeCtorsopt BasicType ( ArgumentListopt )
IndexExpression
SliceExpression
IndexExpression:
PostfixExpression [ ArgumentList ]
SliceExpression:
PostfixExpression [ ]
PostfixExpression [ AssignExpression .. AssignExpression ]
PrimaryExpression:
Identifier
. Identifier
TemplateInstance
. TemplateInstance
this
super
null
true
false
$
IntegerLiteral
FloatLiteral
CharacterLiteral
StringLiterals
ArrayLiteral
AssocArrayLiteral
FunctionLiteral
AssertExpression
MixinExpression
ImportExpression
NewExpressionWithArgs
BasicTypeX . Identifier
Typeof
TypeidExpression
IsExpression
( Expression )
TraitsExpression
SpecialKeyword
StringLiterals:
StringLiteral
StringLiterals StringLiteral
ArrayLiteral:
[ ArgumentListopt ]
AssocArrayLiteral:
[ KeyValuePairs ]
KeyValuePairs:
KeyValuePair
KeyValuePair , KeyValuePairs
KeyValuePair:
KeyExpression : ValueExpression
KeyExpression:
AssignExpression
ValueExpression:
AssignExpression
FunctionLiteral:
function Typeopt ParameterAttributes opt FunctionBody
delegate Typeopt ParameterAttributes opt FunctionBody
ParameterAttributes FunctionBody
FunctionBody
Lambda
ParameterAttributes:
Parameters
Parameters FunctionAttributes
Lambda:
Identifier => AssignExpression
functionopt ParameterAttributes => AssignExpression
delegateopt ParameterAttributes => AssignExpression
AssertExpression:
assert ( AssignExpression )
assert ( AssignExpression , AssignExpression )
MixinExpression:
mixin ( AssignExpression )
ImportExpression:
import ( AssignExpression )
TypeidExpression:
typeid ( Type )
typeid ( Expression )
IsExpression:
is ( Type )
is ( Type : TypeSpecialization )
is ( Type == TypeSpecialization )
is ( Type : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
is ( Type == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
is ( Type Identifier )
is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization )
is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization )
is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
TypeSpecialization:
Type
struct
union
class
interface
enum
function
delegate
super
const
immutable
inout
shared
return
__parameters
TraitsExpression:
__traits ( TraitsKeyword , TraitsArguments )
TraitsKeyword:
isAbstractClass
isArithmetic
isAssociativeArray
isFinalClass
isPOD
isNested
isFloating
isIntegral
isScalar
isStaticArray
isUnsigned
isVirtualFunction
isVirtualMethod
isAbstractFunction
isFinalFunction
isStaticFunction
isOverrideFunction
isRef
isOut
isLazy
hasMember
identifier
getAliasThis
getAttributes
getMember
getOverloads
getProtection
getVirtualFunctions
getVirtualMethods
getUnitTests
parent
classInstanceSize
getVirtualIndex
allMembers
derivedMembers
isSame
compiles
TraitsArguments:
TraitsArgument
TraitsArgument , TraitsArguments
TraitsArgument:
AssignExpression
Type
SpecialKeyword:
__FILE__
__MODULE__
__LINE__
__FUNCTION__
__PRETTY_FUNCTION__
Statement
Statement:
;
NonEmptyStatement
ScopeBlockStatement
NoScopeNonEmptyStatement:
NonEmptyStatement
BlockStatement
NoScopeStatement:
;
NonEmptyStatement
BlockStatement
NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement:
NonEmptyStatement
ScopeBlockStatement
NonEmptyStatement:
NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault
CaseStatement
CaseRangeStatement
DefaultStatement
NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault:
LabeledStatement
ExpressionStatement
DeclarationStatement
IfStatement
WhileStatement
DoStatement
ForStatement
ForeachStatement
SwitchStatement
FinalSwitchStatement
ContinueStatement
BreakStatement
ReturnStatement
GotoStatement
WithStatement
SynchronizedStatement
TryStatement
ScopeGuardStatement
ThrowStatement
AsmStatement
PragmaStatement
MixinStatement
ForeachRangeStatement
ConditionalStatement
StaticAssert
TemplateMixin
ImportDeclaration
ScopeStatement:
NonEmptyStatement
BlockStatement
ScopeBlockStatement:
BlockStatement
LabeledStatement:
Identifier :
Identifier : NoScopeStatement
Identifier : Statement
BlockStatement:
{ }
{ StatementList }
StatementList:
Statement
Statement StatementList
ExpressionStatement:
Expression ;
DeclarationStatement:
Declaration
IfStatement:
if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement
if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement else ElseStatement
IfCondition:
Expression
auto Identifier = Expression
TypeCtors Identifier = Expression
TypeCtorsopt BasicType Declarator = Expression
ThenStatement:
ScopeStatement
ElseStatement:
ScopeStatement
WhileStatement:
while ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
DoStatement:
do ScopeStatement while ( Expression ) ;
ForStatement:
for ( Initialize Testopt ; Incrementopt ) ScopeStatement
Initialize:
;
NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Test:
Expression
Increment:
Expression
ForeachStatement:
Foreach ( ForeachTypeList ; ForeachAggregate ) NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Foreach:
foreach
foreach_reverse
ForeachTypeList:
ForeachType
ForeachType , ForeachTypeList
ForeachType:
refopt TypeCtorsopt BasicType Declarator
refopt TypeCtorsopt Identifier
ForeachAggregate:
Expression
ForeachRangeStatement:
Foreach ( ForeachType ; LwrExpression .. UprExpression ) ScopeStatement
LwrExpression:
Expression
UprExpression:
Expression
SwitchStatement:
switch ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
CaseStatement:
case ArgumentList : ScopeStatementList
CaseRangeStatement:
case FirstExp : .. case LastExp : ScopeStatementList
FirstExp:
AssignExpression
LastExp:
AssignExpression
DefaultStatement:
default : ScopeStatementList
ScopeStatementList:
StatementListNoCaseNoDefault
StatementListNoCaseNoDefault:
StatementNoCaseNoDefault
StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementListNoCaseNoDefault
StatementNoCaseNoDefault:
;
NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault
ScopeBlockStatement
FinalSwitchStatement:
final switch ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
ContinueStatement:
continue Identifieropt ;
BreakStatement:
break Identifieropt ;
ReturnStatement:
return Expressionopt ;
GotoStatement:
goto Identifier ;
goto default ;
goto case ;
goto case Expression ;
WithStatement:
with ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
with ( Symbol ) ScopeStatement
with ( TemplateInstance ) ScopeStatement
SynchronizedStatement:
synchronized ScopeStatement
synchronized ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
TryStatement:
try ScopeStatement Catches
try ScopeStatement Catches FinallyStatement
try ScopeStatement FinallyStatement
Catches:
LastCatch
Catch
Catch Catches
LastCatch:
catch NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Catch:
catch ( CatchParameter ) NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
CatchParameter:
BasicType Identifier
FinallyStatement:
finally NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
ThrowStatement:
throw Expression ;
ScopeGuardStatement:
scope(exit) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
scope(success) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
scope(failure) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
AsmStatement:
asm { AsmInstructionListopt }
AsmInstructionList:
AsmInstruction ;
AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList
PragmaStatement:
Pragma NoScopeStatement
MixinStatement:
mixin ( AssignExpression ) ;
Iasm
AsmInstruction:
Identifier : AsmInstruction
align IntegerExpression
even
naked
db Operands
ds Operands
di Operands
dl Operands
df Operands
dd Operands
de Operands
Opcode
Opcode Operands
Operands:
Operand
Operand , Operands
IntegerExpression:
IntegerLiteral
Identifier
Register:
AL AH AX EAX
BL BH BX EBX
CL CH CX ECX
DL DH DX EDX
BP EBP
SP ESP
DI EDI
SI ESI
ES CS SS DS GS FS
CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4
DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7
TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7
ST
ST(0) ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7)
MM0 MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6 MM7
XMM0 XMM1 XMM2 XMM3 XMM4 XMM5 XMM6 XMM7
Register64:
RAX RBX RCX RDX
BPL RBP
SPL RSP
DIL RDI
SIL RSI
R8B R8W R8D R8
R9B R9W R9D R9
R10B R10W R10D R10
R11B R11W R11D R11
R12B R12W R12D R12
R13B R13W R13D R13
R14B R14W R14D R14
R15B R15W R15D R15
XMM8 XMM9 XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15
YMM0 YMM1 YMM2 YMM3 YMM4 YMM5 YMM6 YMM7
YMM8 YMM9 YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15
Operand:
AsmExp
AsmExp:
AsmLogOrExp
AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp
AsmLogOrExp:
AsmLogAndExp
AsmLogAndExp || AsmLogAndExp
AsmLogAndExp:
AsmOrExp
AsmOrExp && AsmOrExp
AsmOrExp:
AsmXorExp
AsmXorExp | AsmXorExp
AsmXorExp:
AsmAndExp
AsmAndExp ^ AsmAndExp
AsmAndExp:
AsmEqualExp
AsmEqualExp & AsmEqualExp
AsmEqualExp:
AsmRelExp
AsmRelExp == AsmRelExp
AsmRelExp != AsmRelExp
AsmRelExp:
AsmShiftExp
AsmShiftExp < AsmShiftExp
AsmShiftExp <= AsmShiftExp
AsmShiftExp > AsmShiftExp
AsmShiftExp >= AsmShiftExp
AsmShiftExp:
AsmAddExp
AsmAddExp << AsmAddExp
AsmAddExp >> AsmAddExp
AsmAddExp >>> AsmAddExp
AsmAddExp:
AsmMulExp
AsmMulExp + AsmMulExp
AsmMulExp - AsmMulExp
AsmMulExp:
AsmBrExp
AsmBrExp * AsmBrExp
AsmBrExp / AsmBrExp
AsmBrExp % AsmBrExp
AsmBrExp:
AsmUnaExp
AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ]
AsmUnaExp:
AsmTypePrefix AsmExp
offsetof AsmExp
seg AsmExp
+ AsmUnaExp
- AsmUnaExp
! AsmUnaExp
~ AsmUnaExp
AsmPrimaryExp
AsmPrimaryExp:
IntegerLiteral
FloatLiteral
__LOCAL_SIZE
$
Register
Register64
DotIdentifier
DotIdentifier:
Identifier
Identifier . DotIdentifier
AsmTypePrefix:
near ptr
far ptr
byte ptr
short ptr
int ptr
word ptr
dword ptr
qword ptr
float ptr
double ptr
real ptr
Declaration
Declaration:
AliasDeclaration
AggregateDeclaration
EnumDeclaration
ImportDeclaration
Decl
AliasDeclaration:
alias StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarator
alias AliasDeclarationX ;
AliasDeclarationX:
Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt Type
AliasDeclarationX , Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt Type
AutoDeclaration:
StorageClasses AutoDeclarationX ;
AutoDeclarationX:
Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer
AutoDeclarationX , Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer
Decl:
StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarators ;
StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarator FunctionBody
AutoDeclaration
Declarators:
DeclaratorInitializer
DeclaratorInitializer , DeclaratorIdentifierList
DeclaratorInitializer:
Declarator
Declarator = Initializer
DeclaratorIdentifierList:
DeclaratorIdentifier
DeclaratorIdentifier , DeclaratorIdentifierList
DeclaratorIdentifier:
Identifier
Identifier = Initializer
Declarator:
BasicType2opt ( Declarator ) DeclaratorSuffixesopt
BasicType2opt Identifier DeclaratorSuffixesopt
Declarator2:
BasicType2opt DeclaratorSuffixesopt
BasicType2opt ( Declarator2 ) DeclaratorSuffixesopt
DeclaratorSuffixes:
DeclaratorSuffix
DeclaratorSuffix DeclaratorSuffixes
DeclaratorSuffix:
[ ]
[ AssignExpression ]
[ Type ]
Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt
StorageClasses:
StorageClass
StorageClass StorageClasses
StorageClass:
LinkageAttribute
AlignAttribute
deprecated
enum
static
extern
abstract
final
override
synchronized
auto
scope
const
immutable
inout
shared
__gshared
Property
nothrow
pure
ref
Initializer:
VoidInitializer
NonVoidInitializer
VoidInitializer:
void
NonVoidInitializer:
ExpInitializer:
ArrayInitializer
StructInitializer
ExpInitializer:
AssignExpression
ArrayInitializer:
[ ArrayMemberInitializationsopt ]
ArrayMemberInitializations:
ArrayMemberInitialization
ArrayMemberInitialization ,
ArrayMemberInitialization , ArrayMemberInitializations
ArrayMemberInitialization:
NonVoidInitializer
AssignExpression : NonVoidInitializer
StructInitializer:
{ StructMemberInitializersopt }
StructMemberInitializers:
StructMemberInitializer
StructMemberInitializer ,
StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializers
StructMemberInitializer:
NonVoidInitializer
Identifier : NonVoidInitializer
Function
Parameters:
( ParameterListopt )
ParameterList:
Parameter
Parameter , ParameterList
...
Parameter:
InOutopt BasicType Declarator
InOutopt BasicType Declarator ...
InOutopt BasicType Declarator = DefaultInitializerExpression
InOutopt Type
InOutopt Type ...
InOut:
InOutX
InOut InOutX
InOutX:
auto
TypeCtor
final
in
lazy
out
ref
scope
FunctionAttributes:
FunctionAttribute
FunctionAttribute FunctionAttributes
FunctionAttribute:
nothrow
pure
Property
MemberFunctionAttributes:
MemberFunctionAttribute
MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttributes
MemberFunctionAttribute:
const
immutable
inout
shared
FunctionAttribute
DefaultInitializerExpression:
AssignExpression
SpecialKeyword
FunctionBody:
BlockStatement
BodyStatement
InStatement BodyStatement
OutStatement BodyStatement
InStatement OutStatement BodyStatement
OutStatement InStatement BodyStatement
InStatement:
in BlockStatement
OutStatement:
out BlockStatement
out ( Identifier ) BlockStatement
BodyStatement:
body BlockStatement
Constructor:
this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
ConstructorTemplate
ConstructorTemplate:
this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt ;
this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt FunctionBody
Destructor:
~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
Postblit:
this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
Allocator:
new Parameters ;
new Parameters FunctionBody
Deallocator:
delete Parameters ;
delete Parameters FunctionBody
Invariant:
invariant ( ) BlockStatement
UnitTest:
unittest FunctionBody
StaticConstructor:
static this ( ) ;
static this ( ) FunctionBody
StaticDestructor:
static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
SharedStaticConstructor:
shared static this ( ) ;
shared static this ( ) FunctionBody
SharedStaticDestructor:
shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
Aggregate
AggregateDeclaration:
ClassDeclaration
InterfaceDeclaration
StructDeclaration
UnionDeclaration
ClassDeclaration:
class Identifier ;
class Identifier BaseClassListopt AggregateBody
ClassTemplateDeclaration
ClassTemplateDeclaration:
class Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseClassListopt AggregateBody
class Identifier TemplateParameters BaseClassList Constraint AggregateBody
InterfaceDeclaration:
interface Identifier ;
interface Identifier BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody
InterfaceTemplateDeclaration
InterfaceTemplateDeclaration:
interface Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody
interface Identifier TemplateParameters BaseInterfaceList Constraint AggregateBody
StructDeclaration:
struct Identifier ;
struct Identifier AggregateBody
StructTemplateDeclaration
AnonStructDeclaration
StructTemplateDeclaration:
struct Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody
AnonStructDeclaration:
struct AggregateBody
UnionDeclaration:
union Identifier ;
union Identifier AggregateBody
UnionTemplateDeclaration
AnonUnionDeclaration
UnionTemplateDeclaration:
union Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody
AnonUnionDeclaration:
union AggregateBody
AggregateBody:
{ DeclDefsopt }
BaseClassList:
: SuperClass
: SuperClass , Interfaces
: Interfaces
BaseInterfaceList:
: Interfaces
SuperClass:
Identifier
Interfaces:
Interface
Interface , Interfaces
Interface:
Identifier
AliasThis:
alias Identifier this ;
Enum
EnumDeclaration:
enum EnumTag EnumBody
enum EnumBody
enum EnumTag : EnumBaseType EnumBody
enum : EnumBaseType EnumBody
EnumTag:
Identifier
EnumBaseType:
Type
EnumBody:
EmptyEnumBody
EnumMembersBody
EmptyEnumBody:
;
EnumMembersBody:
{ EnumMembers }
EnumMembers:
EnumMember
EnumMember ,
EnumMember , EnumMembers
EnumMember:
Identifier
Identifier = AssignExpression
Type Identifier = AssignExpression
Template
TemplateDeclaration:
template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt }
TemplateParameters:
( TemplateParameterListopt )
TemplateParameterList:
TemplateParameter
TemplateParameter ,
TemplateParameter , TemplateParameterList
TemplateParameter:
TemplateTypeParameter
TemplateValueParameter
TemplateAliasParameter
TemplateTupleParameter
TemplateThisParameter
Constraint:
if ( Expression )
TemplateInstance:
Identifier TemplateArguments
TemplateArguments:
! ( TemplateArgumentListopt )
! TemplateSingleArgument
TemplateArgumentList:
TemplateArgument
TemplateArgument ,
TemplateArgument , TemplateArgumentList
TemplateArgument:
Type
AssignExpression
Symbol
Symbol:
SymbolTail
. SymbolTail
SymbolTail:
Identifier
Identifier . SymbolTail
TemplateInstance
TemplateInstance . SymbolTail
TemplateSingleArgument:
Identifier
BasicTypeX
CharacterLiteral
StringLiteral
IntegerLiteral
FloatLiteral
true
false
null
this
SpecialKeyword
TemplateTypeParameter:
Identifier
Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization
Identifier TemplateTypeParameterDefault
Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization TemplateTypeParameterDefault
TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization:
: Type
TemplateTypeParameterDefault:
= Type
TemplateThisParameter:
this TemplateTypeParameter
TemplateValueParameter:
BasicType Declarator
BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization
BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterDefault
BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization TemplateValueParameterDefault
TemplateValueParameterSpecialization:
: ConditionalExpression
TemplateValueParameterDefault:
= AssignExpression
= SpecialKeyword
TemplateAliasParameter:
alias Identifier TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt
alias BasicType Declarator TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt
TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization:
: Type
: ConditionalExpression
TemplateAliasParameterDefault:
= Type
= ConditionalExpression
TemplateTupleParameter:
Identifier ...
TemplateMixinDeclaration:
mixin template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt }
TemplateMixin:
mixin MixinTemplateName TemplateArgumentsopt Identifieropt ;
MixinTemplateName:
. QualifiedIdentifierList
QualifiedIdentifierList
Typeof . QualifiedIdentifierList
QualifiedIdentifierList:
Identifier
Identifier . QualifiedIdentifierList
TemplateInstance . QualifiedIdentifierList
Attribute
AttributeSpecifier:
Attribute :
Attribute DeclarationBlock
Attribute:
LinkageAttribute
AlignAttribute
DeprecatedAttribute
ProtectionAttribute
Pragma
static
extern
abstract
final
override
synchronized
auto
scope
const
immutable
inout
shared
__gshared
Property
nothrow
pure
ref
DeclarationBlock:
DeclDef
{ DeclDefsopt }
LinkageAttribute:
extern ( LinkageType )
extern ( C++, IdentifierList )
LinkageType:
C
C++
D
Windows
Pascal
System
AlignAttribute:
align
align ( IntegerLiteral )
DeprecatedAttribute:
deprecated
deprecated ( StringLiteral )
ProtectionAttribute:
private
package
protected
public
export
Property:
@ PropertyIdentifier
UserDefinedAttribute
PropertyIdentifier:
property
safe
trusted
system
disable
nogc
UserDefinedAttribute:
@ ( ArgumentList )
@ Identifier
@ Identifier ( ArgumentListopt )
Pragma:
pragma ( Identifier )
pragma ( Identifier , ArgumentList )
Conditional
ConditionalDeclaration:
Condition DeclarationBlock
Condition DeclarationBlock else DeclarationBlock
Condition : DeclDefsopt
Condition DeclarationBlock else : DeclDefsopt
ConditionalStatement:
Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement else NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Condition:
VersionCondition
DebugCondition
StaticIfCondition
VersionCondition:
version ( IntegerLiteral )
version ( Identifier )
version ( unittest )
version ( assert )
DebugCondition:
debug
debug ( IntegerLiteral )
debug ( Identifier )
StaticIfCondition:
static if ( AssignExpression )
VersionSpecification:
version = Identifier ;
version = IntegerLiteral ;
DebugSpecification:
debug = Identifier ;
debug = IntegerLiteral ;
StaticAssert:
static assert ( AssignExpression );
static assert ( AssignExpression , AssignExpression );
Module
Module:
ModuleDeclaration DeclDefs
DeclDefs
DeclDefs:
DeclDef
DeclDef DeclDefs
DeclDef:
AttributeSpecifier
Declaration
Constructor
Destructor
Postblit
Allocator
Deallocator
Invariant
UnitTest
AliasThis
StaticConstructor
StaticDestructor
SharedStaticConstructor
SharedStaticDestructor
ConditionalDeclaration
DebugSpecification
VersionSpecification
StaticAssert
TemplateDeclaration
TemplateMixinDeclaration
TemplateMixin
MixinDeclaration
;
ModuleDeclaration:
module ModuleFullyQualifiedName ;
ModuleFullyQualifiedName:
ModuleName
Packages . ModuleName
ModuleName:
Identifier
Packages:
PackageName
Packages . PackageName
PackageName:
Identifier
ImportDeclaration:
import ImportList ;
static import ImportList ;
ImportList:
Import
ImportBindings
Import , ImportList
Import:
ModuleFullyQualifiedName
ModuleAliasIdentifier = ModuleFullyQualifiedName
ImportBindings:
Import : ImportBindList
ImportBindList:
ImportBind
ImportBind , ImportBindList
ImportBind:
Identifier
Identifier = Identifier
ModuleAliasIdentifier:
Identifier
MixinDeclaration:
mixin ( AssignExpression ) ;