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Module `std.experimental.allocator`

High-level interface for allocators. Implements bundled allocation/creation and destruction/deallocation of data including structs and classes, and also array primitives related to allocation. This module is the entry point for both making use of allocators and for their documentation.


Category	Functions
Make	`make` `makeArray` `makeMultidimensionalArray`
Dispose	`dispose` `disposeMultidimensionalArray`
Modify	`expandArray` `shrinkArray`
Global	`processAllocator` `theAllocator`
Class interface	`CAllocatorImpl` `CSharedAllocatorImpl` `IAllocator` `ISharedAllocator`
Structs	`allocatorObject` `RCIAllocator` `RCISharedAllocator` `sharedAllocatorObject` `ThreadLocal`

Synopsis

// Allocate an int
</div>
<div class="runnable-examples">

// Create an array of 50 doubles initialized to -1.0 double[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!double(50, -1.0); // Append two zeros to it theAllocator.expandArray(arr, 2, 0.0); // On second thought

Layered Structure

D's allocators have a layered structure in both implementation and documentation:

A high-level, dynamically-typed layer (described further down in this module). It consists of an interface called IAllocator, which concrete allocators need to implement. The interface primitives themselves are oblivious to the type of the objects being allocated; they only deal in void[], by necessity of the interface being dynamic (as opposed to type-parameterized). Each thread has a current allocator it uses by default, which is a thread-local variable theAllocator of type IAllocator. The process has a global allocator called processAllocator, also of type IAllocator. When a new thread is created, processAllocator is copied into theAllocator. An application can change the objects to which these references point. By default, at application startup, processAllocator refers to an object that uses D's garbage collected heap. This layer also include high-level functions such as make and dispose that comfortably allocate/create and respectively destroy/deallocate objects. This layer is all needed for most casual uses of allocation primitives.
A mid-level, statically-typed layer for assembling several allocators into one. It uses properties of the type of the objects being created to route allocation requests to possibly specialized allocators. This layer is relatively thin and implemented and documented in the std.experimental.allocator.typed module. It allows an interested user to e.g. use different allocators for arrays versus fixed-sized objects, to the end of better overall performance.
A low-level collection of highly generic heap building blocks — Lego-like pieces that can be used to assemble application-specific allocators. The real allocation smarts are occurring at this level. This layer is of interest to advanced applications that want to configure their own allocators. A good illustration of typical uses of these building blocks is module std.experimental.allocator.showcase which defines a collection of frequently- used preassembled allocator objects. The implementation and documentation entry point is std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks. By design, the primitives of the static interface have the same signatures as the IAllocator primitives but are for the most part optional and driven by static introspection. The parameterized class CAllocatorImpl offers an immediate and useful means to package a static low-level allocator into an implementation of IAllocator.
Core allocator objects that interface with D's garbage collected heap (std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator), the C malloc family (std.experimental.allocator.mallocator), and the OS (std.experimental.allocator.mmap_allocator). Most custom allocators would ultimately obtain memory from one of these core allocators.

Idiomatic Use of `std.experimental.allocator`

As of this time, std.experimental.allocator is not integrated with D's built-in operators that allocate memory, such as new, array literals, or array concatenation operators. That means std.experimental.allocator is opt-in — applications need to make explicit use of it.

For casual creation and disposal of dynamically-allocated objects, use make, dispose, and the array-specific functions makeArray, expandArray, and shrinkArray. These use by default D's garbage collected heap, but open the application to better configuration options. These primitives work either with theAllocator but also with any allocator obtained by combining heap building blocks. For example:

void fun(size_t n)
{
    // Use the current allocator
    int[] a1 = theAllocator.makeArray!int(n);
    scope(exit) theAllocator.dispose(a1);
    ...
}

To experiment with alternative allocators, set theAllocator for the current thread. For example, consider an application that allocates many 8-byte objects. These are not well supported by the default allocator, so a free list allocator would be recommended. To install one in main, the application would use:

void main()
{
    import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.free_list
        : FreeList;
    theAllocator = allocatorObject(FreeList!8());
    ...
}

Saving the `IAllocator` Reference For Later Use

As with any global resource, setting theAllocator and processAllocator should not be done often and casually. In particular, allocating memory with one allocator and deallocating with another causes undefined behavior. Typically, these variables are set during application initialization phase and last through the application.

To avoid this, long-lived objects that need to perform allocations, reallocations, and deallocations relatively often may want to store a reference to the allocator object they use throughout their lifetime. Then, instead of using theAllocator for internal allocation-related tasks, they'd use the internally held reference. For example, consider a user-defined hash table:

struct HashTable
{
    private IAllocator allocator;
    this(size_t buckets, IAllocator allocator = theAllocator) {
        this.allocator = allocator;
        ...
    }
    // Getter and setter
    IAllocator allocator() { return allocator; }
    void allocator(IAllocator a) { assert(empty); allocator = a; }
}

Following initialization, the HashTable object would consistently use its allocator object for acquiring memory. Furthermore, setting HashTable.allocator to point to a different allocator should be legal but only if the object is empty; otherwise, the object wouldn't be able to deallocate its existing state.

Using Allocators without `IAllocator`

Allocators assembled from the heap building blocks don't need to go through IAllocator to be usable. They have the same primitives as IAllocator and they work with make, makeArray, dispose etc. So it suffice to create allocator objects wherever fit and use them appropriately:

void fun(size_t n)
{
    // Use a stack-installed allocator for up to 64KB
    StackFront!65536 myAllocator;
    int[] a2 = myAllocator.makeArray!int(n);
    scope(exit) myAllocator.dispose(a2);
    ...
}

In this case, myAllocator does not obey the IAllocator interface, but implements its primitives so it can work with makeArray by means of duck typing.

One important thing to note about this setup is that statically-typed assembled allocators are almost always faster than allocators that go through IAllocator. An important rule of thumb is: "assemble allocator first, adapt to IAllocator after". A good allocator implements intricate logic by means of template assembly, and gets wrapped with IAllocator (usually by means of allocatorObject) only once, at client level.

Functions

Name	Description
`allocatorObject(a)`	Returns a dynamically-typed `CAllocator` built around a given statically- typed allocator `a` of type `A`. Passing a pointer to the allocator creates a dynamic allocator around the allocator pointed to by the pointer, without attempting to copy or move it. Passing the allocator by value or reference behaves as follows.
`dispose(alloc, p)`	Destroys and then deallocates (using `alloc`) the object pointed to by a pointer, the class object referred to by a `class` or `interface` reference, or an entire array. It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same allocator.
`disposeMultidimensionalArray(alloc, array)`	Destroys and then deallocates a multidimensional array, assuming it was created with makeMultidimensionalArray and the same allocator was used.
`expandArray(alloc, array, delta)`	Grows `array` by appending `delta` more elements. The needed memory is allocated using `alloc`. The extra elements added are either default- initialized, filled with copies of `init`, or initialized with values fetched from `range`.
`make(alloc, args)`	Dynamically allocates (using `alloc`) and then creates in the memory allocated an object of type `T`, using `args` (if any) for its initialization. Initialization occurs in the memory allocated and is otherwise semantically the same as `T(args)`. (Note that using `alloc.make!(T[])` creates a pointer to an (empty) array of `T`s, not an array. To use an allocator to allocate and initialize an array, use `alloc.makeArray!T` described below.)
`makeArray(alloc, length)`	Create an array of `T` with `length` elements using `alloc`. The array is either default-initialized, filled with copies of `init`, or initialized with values fetched from `range`.
`makeMultidimensionalArray()`	Allocates a multidimensional array of elements of type T.
`processAllocator()`	Gets/sets the allocator for the current process. This allocator must be used for allocating memory shared across threads. Objects created using this allocator can be cast to `shared`.
`sharedAllocatorObject(a)`	Returns a dynamically-typed `CSharedAllocator` built around a given statically- typed allocator `a` of type `A`. Passing a pointer to the allocator creates a dynamic allocator around the allocator pointed to by the pointer, without attempting to copy or move it. Passing the allocator by value or reference behaves as follows.
`shrinkArray(alloc, array, delta)`	Shrinks an array by `delta` elements.
`theAllocator()`	Gets/sets the allocator for the current thread. This is the default allocator that should be used for allocating thread-local memory. For allocating memory to be shared across threads, use `processAllocator` (below). By default, `theAllocator` ultimately fetches memory from `processAllocator`, which in turn uses the garbage collected heap.

Interfaces

Name	Description
`IAllocator`	Dynamic allocator interface. Code that defines allocators ultimately implements this interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.
`ISharedAllocator`	Dynamic shared allocator interface. Code that defines allocators shareable across threads ultimately implements this interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.

Classes

Name	Description
`CAllocatorImpl`	Implementation of `IAllocator` using `Allocator`. This adapts a statically-built allocator type to `IAllocator` that is directly usable by non-templated code.
`CSharedAllocatorImpl`	Implementation of `ISharedAllocator` using `Allocator`. This adapts a statically-built, shareable across threads, allocator type to `ISharedAllocator` that is directly usable by non-templated code.

Structs

Name	Description
`RCIAllocator`	A reference counted struct that wraps the dynamic allocator interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.
`RCISharedAllocator`	A reference counted struct that wraps the dynamic shared allocator interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.
`ThreadLocal`	Stores an allocator object in thread-local storage (i.e. non-`shared` D global). `ThreadLocal!A` is a subtype of `A` so it appears to implement `A`'s allocator primitives.

Authors

Andrei Alexandrescu

License

Boost License 1.0.