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std.ascii
Functions which operate on ASCII characters.
All of the functions in std.ascii accept Unicode characters but
effectively ignore them if they're not ASCII. All isX functions return
false for non-ASCII characters, and all toX functions do nothing
to non-ASCII characters.
For functions which operate on Unicode characters, see
std.uni.
Category | Functions |
---|---|
Validation | isAlpha isAlphaNum isASCII isControl isDigit isGraphical isHexDigit isOctalDigit isPrintable isPunctuation isUpper isWhite |
Conversions | toLower toUpper |
Constants | digits fullHexDigits hexDigits letters lowercase lowerHexDigits newline octalDigits uppercase whitespace |
Enums | ControlChar LetterCase |
References ASCII Table, Wikipedia
License:
Authors:
Source std/ascii.d
- immutable string
fullHexDigits
; - 0 .. 9A .. Fa .. f
- immutable string
hexDigits
; - 0 .. 9A .. F
- immutable string
lowerHexDigits
; - 0 .. 9a .. f
- immutable string
digits
; - 0 .. 9
- immutable string
octalDigits
; - 0 .. 7
- immutable string
letters
; - A .. Za .. z
- immutable string
uppercase
; - A .. Z
- immutable string
lowercase
; - a .. z
- immutable string
whitespace
; - ASCII whitespace
- enum
LetterCase
: bool; - Letter case specifier.Examples:
import std.conv : to; writeln(42.to!string(16, LetterCase.upper)); // "2A" writeln(42.to!string(16, LetterCase.lower)); // "2a"
Examples:import std.digest.hmac : hmac; import std.digest : toHexString; import std.digest.sha : SHA1; import std.string : representation; const sha1HMAC = "A very long phrase".representation .hmac!SHA1("secret".representation) .toHexString!(LetterCase.lower); writeln(sha1HMAC); // "49f2073c7bf58577e8c9ae59fe8cfd37c9ab94e5"
upper
- Upper case letters
lower
- Lower case letters
- enum
ControlChar
: char; - All control characters in the ASCII table (source).Examples:
import std.algorithm.comparison, std.algorithm.searching, std.range, std.traits; // Because all ASCII characters fit in char, so do these static assert(ControlChar.ack.sizeof == 1); // All control characters except del are in row starting from 0 static assert(EnumMembers!ControlChar.only.until(ControlChar.del).equal(iota(32))); static assert(ControlChar.nul == '\0'); static assert(ControlChar.bel == '\a'); static assert(ControlChar.bs == '\b'); static assert(ControlChar.ff == '\f'); static assert(ControlChar.lf == '\n'); static assert(ControlChar.cr == '\r'); static assert(ControlChar.tab == '\t'); static assert(ControlChar.vt == '\v');
Examples:import std.conv; //Control character table can be used in place of hexcodes. with (ControlChar) assert(text("Phobos", us, "Deimos", us, "Tango", rs) == "Phobos\x1FDeimos\x1FTango\x1E");
nul
- Null
soh
- Start of heading
stx
- Start of text
etx
- End of text
eot
- End of transmission
enq
- Enquiry
ack
- Acknowledge
bel
- Bell
bs
- Backspace
tab
- Horizontal tab
lf
- NL line feed, new line
vt
- Vertical tab
ff
- NP form feed, new page
cr
- Carriage return
so
- Shift out
si
- Shift in
dle
- Data link escape
dc1
- Device control 1
dc2
- Device control 2
dc3
- Device control 3
dc4
- Device control 4
nak
- Negative acknowledge
syn
- Synchronous idle
etb
- End of transmission block
can
- Cancel
em
- End of medium
sub
- Substitute
esc
- Escape
fs
- File separator
gs
- Group separator
rs
- Record separator
us
- Unit separator
del
- Delete
- immutable string
newline
; - Newline sequence for this system.
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isAlphaNum
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is a letter or a number (0 .. 9, a .. z, A .. Z).Examples:assert( isAlphaNum('A')); assert( isAlphaNum('1')); assert(!isAlphaNum('#')); // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode alphanumerics: assert(!isAlphaNum('á'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isAlpha
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is an ASCII letter (A .. Z, a .. z).Examples:assert( isAlpha('A')); assert(!isAlpha('1')); assert(!isAlpha('#')); // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode alphabetic characters: assert(!isAlpha('á'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isLower
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is a lowercase ASCII letter (a .. z).Examples:assert( isLower('a')); assert(!isLower('A')); assert(!isLower('#')); // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode lowercase letters assert(!isLower('á')); assert(!isLower('Á'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isUpper
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is an uppercase ASCII letter (A .. Z).Examples:assert( isUpper('A')); assert(!isUpper('a')); assert(!isUpper('#')); // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode uppercase letters assert(!isUpper('á')); assert(!isUpper('Á'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isDigit
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is a digit (0 .. 9).Examples:assert( isDigit('3')); assert( isDigit('8')); assert(!isDigit('B')); assert(!isDigit('#')); // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode numbers assert(!isDigit('0')); // full-width digit zero (U+FF10) assert(!isDigit('4')); // full-width digit four (U+FF14)
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isOctalDigit
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is a digit in base 8 (0 .. 7).Examples:assert( isOctalDigit('0')); assert( isOctalDigit('7')); assert(!isOctalDigit('8')); assert(!isOctalDigit('A')); assert(!isOctalDigit('#'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isHexDigit
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is a digit in base 16 (0 .. 9, A .. F, a .. f).Examples:assert( isHexDigit('0')); assert( isHexDigit('A')); assert( isHexDigit('f')); // lowercase hex digits are accepted assert(!isHexDigit('g')); assert(!isHexDigit('G')); assert(!isHexDigit('#'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isWhite
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whether or notc
is a whitespace character. That includes the space, tab, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and linefeed characters.Examples:assert( isWhite(' ')); assert( isWhite('\t')); assert( isWhite('\n')); assert(!isWhite('1')); assert(!isWhite('a')); assert(!isWhite('#')); // N.B.: Does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode whitespace characters. static import std.uni; assert(std.uni.isWhite('\u00A0')); assert(!isWhite('\u00A0')); // std.ascii.isWhite
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isControl
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whetherc
is a control character.Examples:assert( isControl('\0')); assert( isControl('\022')); assert( isControl('\n')); // newline is both whitespace and control assert(!isControl(' ')); assert(!isControl('1')); assert(!isControl('a')); assert(!isControl('#')); // N.B.: non-ASCII Unicode control characters are not recognized: assert(!isControl('\u0080')); assert(!isControl('\u2028')); assert(!isControl('\u2029'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isPunctuation
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whether or notc
is a punctuation character. That includes all ASCII characters which are not control characters, letters, digits, or whitespace.Examples:assert( isPunctuation('.')); assert( isPunctuation(',')); assert( isPunctuation(':')); assert( isPunctuation('!')); assert( isPunctuation('#')); assert( isPunctuation('~')); assert( isPunctuation('+')); assert( isPunctuation('_')); assert(!isPunctuation('1')); assert(!isPunctuation('a')); assert(!isPunctuation(' ')); assert(!isPunctuation('\n')); assert(!isPunctuation('\0')); // N.B.: Non-ASCII Unicode punctuation characters are not recognized. assert(!isPunctuation('\u2012')); // (U+2012 = en-dash)
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isGraphical
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whether or notc
is a printable character other than the space character.Examples:assert( isGraphical('1')); assert( isGraphical('a')); assert( isGraphical('#')); assert(!isGraphical(' ')); // whitespace is not graphical assert(!isGraphical('\n')); assert(!isGraphical('\0')); // N.B.: Unicode graphical characters are not regarded as such. assert(!isGraphical('á'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isPrintable
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whether or notc
is a printable character - including the space character.Examples:assert( isPrintable(' ')); // whitespace is printable assert( isPrintable('1')); assert( isPrintable('a')); assert( isPrintable('#')); assert(!isPrintable('\0')); // control characters are not printable // N.B.: Printable non-ASCII Unicode characters are not recognized. assert(!isPrintable('á'));
- pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool
isASCII
(dcharc
); - Parameters:
dchar c
The character to test. Returns:Whether or notc
is in the ASCII character set - i.e. in the range 0 .. 0x7F.Examples:assert( isASCII('a')); assert(!isASCII('á'));
- auto
toLower
(C)(Cc
)
if (is(C : dchar)); - Converts an ASCII letter to lowercase.Parameters:
C c
A character of any type that implicitly converts to dchar. In the case where it's a built-in type, or an enum of a built-in type, Unqual!(OriginalType!C) is returned, whereas if it's a user-defined type, dchar is returned. Returns:The corresponding lowercase letter, ifc
is an uppercase ASCII character, otherwisec
itself.Examples:writeln(toLower('a')); // 'a' writeln(toLower('A')); // 'a' writeln(toLower('#')); // '#' // N.B.: Non-ASCII Unicode uppercase letters are not converted. writeln(toLower('Á')); // 'Á'
- auto
toUpper
(C)(Cc
)
if (is(C : dchar)); - Converts an ASCII letter to uppercase.Parameters:
C c
Any type which implicitly converts to dchar. In the case where it's a built-in type, or an enum of a built-in type, Unqual!(OriginalType!C) is returned, whereas if it's a user-defined type, dchar is returned. Returns:The corresponding uppercase letter, ifc
is a lowercase ASCII character, otherwisec
itself.Examples:writeln(toUpper('a')); // 'A' writeln(toUpper('A')); // 'A' writeln(toUpper('#')); // '#' // N.B.: Non-ASCII Unicode lowercase letters are not converted. writeln(toUpper('á')); // 'á'
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